An Entamoeba cysteine peptidase specifically expressed during encystation

Ebert, Frank; Bachmann, Anna; Nakada‐Tsukui, Kumiko; Hennings, Ina; Drescher, Babette; Nozaki, Tomoyoshi; Tannich, Egbert; Bruchhaus, Iris

doi:10.1016/j.parint.2008.07.002

Cited by 25 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Recent studies of Giardia and Entamoeba have revealed that cysteine proteases are implicated in encystation (9,11,(54)(55)(56). In Giardia, the expressions of encystation-specific cysteine proteases (ESCPs) (a cathepsin C family of enzymes) are developmentally regulated during encystation (57).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Giardia, the expressions of encystation-specific cysteine proteases (ESCPs) (a cathepsin C family of enzymes) are developmentally regulated during encystation (57). Entamoeba invadens EiCP-B9, a cyst-specific cysteine protease, is expressed near the cyst wall of immature cysts and throughout mature cysts (11). The inhibition of the activities of cysteine proteases during encystation by cysteine protease inhibitors such as E64 or Z-Phe-Arg-CH 2 F reduces the cystforming ability of E. invadens (13,14).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies on Giardia and Entamoeba have shown that cysteine proteases are implicated in parasite survival under nutrient-limited conditions and during developmental differentiation (9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14). In Acanthamoeba, the cysteine protease inhibitor E64d was found to slow encystment (15), and in a previous study, we detected the upregulations of various proteases, including cysteine proteases, by cDNA microarray analysis and comparative expression analysis of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) during encystation (16,17).…”

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confidence: 84%

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Cysteine Protease Inhibitor (AcStefin) Is Required for Complete Cyst Formation of Acanthamoeba

et al. 2013

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dThe encystation of Acanthamoeba leads to the formation of resilient cysts from vegetative trophozoites. This process is essential for parasite survival under unfavorable conditions, such as those associated with starvation, low temperatures, and biocides. Furthermore, cysteine proteases have been implicated in the massive turnover of intracellular components required for encystation. Thus, strict modulation of the activities of cysteine proteases is required to protect Acanthamoeba from intracellular damage. However, mechanisms underlying the control of protease activity during encystation have not been established in Acanthamoeba. In the present study, we identified and characterized Acanthamoeba cysteine protease inhibitor (AcStefin), which was found to be highly expressed during encystation and to be associated with lysosomes by fluorescence microscopy. Recombinant AcStefin inhibited various cysteine proteases, including human cathepsin B, human cathepsin L, and papain. Transfection with small interfering RNA against AcStefin increased cysteine protease activity during encystation and resulted in incomplete cyst formation, reduced excystation efficiency, and a significant reduction in cytoplasmic area. Taken together, these results indicate that AcStefin is involved in the modulation of cysteine proteases and that it plays an essential role during the encystation of Acanthamoeba.A canthamoeba is the causative agent of granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE) and amoebic keratitis. The life cycle of Acanthamoeba is divided into two stages, that is, the vegetative trophozoite stage and the dormant cystic stage. Under challenging conditions, such as those associated with starvation, low temperatures, and biocide treatment, the trophozoite converts to the resilient cyst form (1-5). This differentiation, which is termed encystation, protects Acanthamoeba against host immune responses and allows it to evade the effect of chemical treatments, and thus, encystation decreases treatment efficacies (3, 6). Therefore, the inhibition of encystation during medical treatment could lead to outcomes that are more favorable in cases of amoebic infection. However, this goal is hindered by a lack of information about the encystation mechanism involved.The cysteine proteases are regarded as major drug targets, and the papain family of cysteine proteases, such as cathepsin B and cathepsin L, are localized in lysosomes for intracellular protein degradation (7,8). Previous studies on Giardia and Entamoeba have shown that cysteine proteases are implicated in parasite survival under nutrient-limited conditions and during developmental differentiation (9-14). In Acanthamoeba, the cysteine protease inhibitor E64d was found to slow encystment (15), and in a previous study, we detected the upregulations of various proteases, including cysteine proteases, by cDNA microarray analysis and comparative expression analysis of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) during encystation (16,17). Cysteine proteases in lysosomes cause massive proteolytic de...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 84%

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Cysteine Protease Inhibitor (AcStefin) Is Required for Complete Cyst Formation of Acanthamoeba

et al. 2013

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“…Cysteine proteases are also induced at the RNA level during encystment (38). In Entamoeba, a cysteine protease, induced during encystment, did not colocalize with autophagosomes, suggesting that it is not involved in autophagy (19).…”

Section: Proteasesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Cellular, Biochemical, and Molecular Changes during Encystment of Free-Living Amoebae

Fouque

Trouilhé

Thomas³

et al. 2012

Eukaryot Cell

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ABSTRACTFree-living amoebae are protozoa found in soil and water. Among them, some are pathogenic and many have been described as potential reservoirs of pathogenic bacteria. Their cell cycle is divided into at least two forms, the trophozoite and the cyst, and the differentiation process is named encystment. As cysts are more resistant to disinfection treatments than trophozoites, many studies focused on encystment, but until recently, little was known about cellular, biochemical, and molecular modifications operating during this process. Important signals and signaling pathways at play during encystment, as well as cell responses at the molecular level, have been described. This review summarizes our knowledge and focuses on new findings.

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“…Specific expression of cysteine peptidase was observed during encystation in Entamoeba invadens [4]. Production of oocysts by Plasmodium falciparum was inhibited by cysteine protease inhibitor E64d [5], and the role of cysteine proteases of Trypanosoma brucei bloodstream form in surface coat exchange during differentiation has been reported [29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cysteine protease involving in autophagosomal degradation of mitochondria during encystation of Acanthamoeba

Moon

Hong

Chung

et al. 2012

Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology

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An Entamoeba cysteine peptidase specifically expressed during encystation

Cited by 25 publications

References 21 publications

Cysteine Protease Inhibitor (AcStefin) Is Required for Complete Cyst Formation of Acanthamoeba

Cysteine Protease Inhibitor (AcStefin) Is Required for Complete Cyst Formation of Acanthamoeba

Cellular, Biochemical, and Molecular Changes during Encystment of Free-Living Amoebae

Cysteine protease involving in autophagosomal degradation of mitochondria during encystation of Acanthamoeba

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