An Epidemic of Hepatitis in a Chronic-Hemodialysis Unit

Immune Dysfunction and Cytokine Production in Hemodialysis

“…This became evident in the early period of hemodialysis treatment when endemic outbreaks of hepatitis B threatened dialysis centers [2]. Vaccination results against hepatitis B, in dialysis patients, are disappointing: low results are also documented for most other types of vaccinations in these patients, such as influenza [3], tetanus [4]or diphteria [5].…”

Hepatitis Associated Antigen in Various Clinical Conditions Especially in Primary Hepatome and Metastatic Liver Cancer

“…The incidence rate found among the hospital personnels also is in accordance with the above quoted incidence rate . It should be stated that none of the hospital personnels studied was working in the dialysis unit where the epidemic is known to be liable to occur (London et al 1969;Nordenfelt et al 1970; Kaboth et al 1971; Leski et al 1971). If a high incidence rate was found among hospital personnels it might indicate the presence of hospital endemy which will eventually influence the incidence rate of HB Ag in any clinical condi tions studied.…”

Dialysis-associated hepatitis: prevention and control.

“…During this period the following investigations are undertaken: (1) physical examination, including a careful neurological examination; (2) electromyographic (E.M.G.) studies of the legs and perineum; (3) cystometrogram; (4) urethral pressure profile;3'5 (5) pressure flow study; (6) examination under anaesthesia-which includes the urethral pressure profile and a cystometrogram, both these investigations being undertaken in conjunction with perineal stimulation of the pelvic floor;6 (7) intravenous pyelogram; and (8) micturating cystogram. The last investigation is undertaken after the preliminary investigations have been completed, at a time when treatment has been decided on, and repeated with and without the prescribed treatment as applicable.…”