An epidemic of meningococcal infection at Zaria, Northern Nigeria. 1. General epidemiological features

Greenwood, Brian; Bradley, A. K.; Cleland, P G; Haggie, M.H.K.; Hassan-King, Musa; Lewis, Lara; Macfarlane, J T; Taqi, Ali; Whittle, H.C.; Bradley-Moore, Alice M.; Ansari, Q.

doi:10.1016/0035-9203(79)90052-x

Cited by 79 publications

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“…[20] Apart from infections, factors such as ignorance and low literacy rate, non-availability of suitable drugs and medicines, self-medications and patronage of traditional medicine practitioners, overcrowding, delayed presentation to hospital and lack of money, or facilities for proper investigations and treatment contribute to high mortality in these countries. [20][21][22][23][24] Delayed presentation to hospital was a major factor in this study. About 45% of the patients were brought to hospital more than 6 h after onset of coma, and this group had statistically significantly higher mortality.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prognosis of non traumatic coma: The role of some socio-economic factors on its outcome in Ibadan, Nigeria

2009

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Background: Coma occurring in the course of an illness, irrespective of cause, traditionally implies a poor prognosis and many factors may determine its outcome. These factors must be identifi ed and possibly stratifi ed in their order of importance. This research seeks to identify these factors and how they infl uenced the outcome of non-traumatic coma in our environment. Methods: Two hundred consecutive patients, aged 18-79 years who met the inclusion criteria, the Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score of <8, history and physical fi ndings suggestive of medical illness, no head trauma or sedation, were recruited into the study from August 2004 to March 2005 at the University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan, after obtaining institutional ethical clearance and consent from patients' guardians. Detailed history of illness including the bio-data and time to present to the hospital and treatments given were noted. Thereafter, the clinical course of the patients was monitored daily for a maximum of 28 days during which the support of the family and/ or the hospital social welfare was evaluated. Results: During the 8-month period of the study, 76% (152) of the patients died while 24% (48) survived. The following factors were associated with high mortality rate: inability to confi rm diagnosis (100%), poor family support (97.1%), delay in making a diagnosis within 24 h (85.4%), poor family understanding of disease (84.1%), need for intensive care admission and management (83.3%), poor hospital social welfare support (82.4%), presentation to UCH after 6 h of coma (76.7%), and referral from private health facilities (75.7%). Others include substance abuse (100%) and seropositivity to HIV (96%) and hepatitis B surface antigen (92%) antibodies, among others. Conclusion:This study has demonstrated that socio-economic factors such as gender, occupation, risky lifestyle behaviors, late presentation or referral to hospital, late diagnosis and treatment, and poor family support contributed to poor outcome of nontraumatic coma. It is hoped that improvement, modifi cation, or correction of these factors may improve coma outcome.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prognosis of non traumatic coma: The role of some socio-economic factors on its outcome in Ibadan, Nigeria

2009

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“…Clearly, climactic conditions influence the risk of infection. In sub-Saharan Africa, epidemic meningococcal infection typically starts during the dry season, when it typically is hot, dusty, and arid, and ends with the onset of the rainy season (153).…”

Section: Risk Factors For Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospects for Vaccine Prevention of Meningococcal Infection

2006

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SUMMARY Neisseria meningitidis is the leading cause of bacterial meningitis in the United States and worldwide. A serogroup A/C/W-135/Y polysaccharide meningococcal vaccine has been licensed in the United States since 1981 but has not been used universally outside of the military. On 14 January 2005, a polysaccharide conjugate vaccine that covers meningococcal serogroups A, C, W-135, and Y was licensed in the United States for 11- to 55-year-olds and is now recommended for the routine immunization of adolescents and other high-risk groups. This review covers the changing epidemiology of meningococcal disease in the United States, issues related to vaccine prevention, and recommendations on the use of the new vaccine.

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“…9 Such cases are classified as either partially treated or viral meningitis. Causative agents are known to vary in different areas of the world 10 and to be seasonally related so that epidemics occur at certain intervals. 11 Data published by the Ministry of Health indicated a seasonal outbreak of aseptic meningitis in early 1996 in Saudi Arabia.…”

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confidence: 99%

Childhood Meningitis at King Fahad Hospital, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia

1997

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The medical records of 132 children with meningitis treated at King Fahad Hospital, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia, between June 1994 and May 1996, were reviewed with a view to defining the incidence, types of meningitis, their management and clinical outcome. Subjects were classified into three groups: bacterial, partially treated, and viral meningitis. There were 37 patients (28%) in period I (1994/95) and 95 (72%) in period II (1995/96). The higher incidence in period II was accounted for by a sharply increased incidence of viral meningitis in the latter half of the period. Of the 132 patients, 36 (27.3%) had bacterial meningitis, 45 (34.1%) had partially treated meningitis and 51 (38.6%) had viral meningitis. The most common CSF isolate was Haemophilus influenzae type B (HIB) from 24 (66.7%) of the 36 bacterial meningitis cases. About half of the cases of HIB meningitis occurred in infants under the age of 12 months.

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An epidemic of meningococcal infection at Zaria, Northern Nigeria. 1. General epidemiological features

Cited by 79 publications

References 0 publications

Prognosis of non traumatic coma: The role of some socio-economic factors on its outcome in Ibadan, Nigeria

Prognosis of non traumatic coma: The role of some socio-economic factors on its outcome in Ibadan, Nigeria

Prospects for Vaccine Prevention of Meningococcal Infection

Childhood Meningitis at King Fahad Hospital, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia

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