An epidemiological study on occupational acute pyrethroid poisoning in cotton farmers.

Farmer's Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices, and their Exposure to Pesticide Residues after Application on the Vegetable and Fruit Crops. Case Study: North of Delta, Egypt

“…by motor), there are the most common two methods for pesticides spraying in the study regions. Similar finding as the previous study [29] was also noticed that 76.8% of the farmers investigated have knowledge and cleared the nozzle with their mouth or hand if there was blockage in the spray nozzle during field application, as well as, 97.67% of the participants using the packaged product lid for pesticide(s) preparation instead of a measuring cup. Farmers' behaviors when using pesticides in Iran was investigated [23].…”

Differential Behavioral Responses of <I>Anopheles gambiae</I> (Diptera: Culicidae) Modulate Mortality Caused by Pyrethroid-Treated Bednets

“…No signs of acute deltamethrin poisoning were observed during physical examination (He et al, 1988(He et al, , 1989. No exposure-related differences were detected in haematological parameters or in heart, lung, liver, kidney or nervous system functions, and the electrophysiological assessment of peripheral nerve function did not reveal any abnormality (He et al, 1988;Chen et al, 1991;Zhang et al, 1991). No correlation was observed between urine pyrethroid metabolite excretion and severity of symptoms ).…”

“…The main metabolites in urine are: cis-and trans-3-(2,2'-dichloro-vinyl)-2,2'-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid (cis-and trans-Cl 2 CA) for permethrin; dichlorovinyl-dimethyl-cyclopropane carboxylic acid (Cl 2 CA), 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) and the 3-(4'-hydroxyphenoxy) benzoic acid (4-HPBA) for cypermethrin; and dibromovinyldimethyl-cyclopropane carboxylic acid (Br 2 CA) and 3-PBA for deltamethrin (Maroni et al, 2000;Leng, 1997. In occupationally exposed subjects, the unchanged parent compounds may also be detected in urine Chen et al, 1991).…”

“…Itching, pricking sensations, numbness, burning of the skin and the eyes or tingling of the skin are the symptoms most commonly reported after contact with pyrethroids (Le Quesne et al, 1980;Tucker & Flannigan, 1983;Kolmodin-Hedman, 1982;He et al, 1988;Chen et al, 1991;Zhang et al, 1991). Symptoms usually start 1-6 hours after exposure (KolmodinHedman, 1982;He et al, 1989;Zhang et al, 1991) and last not more than 24 hours, but in some cases they may last up to 3 days (for example after local application of large doses of active ingredients -13.8 mg/cm 2 skin) (Aldridge, 1990).…”

Dermal exposure assessment in occupational epidemiologic research

“…These estimates have almost exclusively been based on assumed determinants (subjective or objective) of dermal exposure, which were subsequently used as qualitative exposure proxies (yes;no). For example, in an epidemiologic study on acute pyrethroid poisoning among cotton farmers, dermal exposure was measured, and exposure determinants were identified (15). These determinants, contamination of clothing (yes;no), concentration of pyrethroid in the application solution (%), and the occurrence of leakage or blockage of the sprayer (yes;no), were used in the epidemiologic analyses, and each was found to be related to neurological symptoms.…”