An ERP investigation of the Stroop task: The role of the cingulate in attentional allocation and conflict resolution

Badzakova-Trajkov, Gjurgjica; Barnett, Kylie J.; Waldie, Karen E.; Kirk, Ian J.

doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.11.069

Cited by 111 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…These results are consistent with those of previous studies that observed no significant difference in N450 amplitudes between incongruent and congruent stimuli in patients with schizophrenia [22,23]. The FN or N450 reflects the detection of cognitive conflicts because the FN amplitude is modulated by the ratio of congruent to incongruent stimuli, and FN amplitude elicited by incongruent is greater than that elicited by congruent or neutral stimuli [21,24].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

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Electrophysiological correlates of cognitive inhibition in college students with schizotypal traits

Kim¹,

Oh²,

Jang³

et al. 2012

OJPsych

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Objective: We investigated cognitive inhibition in nonclinical individuals with schizotypal traits using eventrelated potentials. Methods: College students with psychometrically defined schizotypal traits (n = 16) and normal controls (n = 15) participated. The computerized Stroop task with three types of stimuli, i.e., congruent, incongruent, and neutral words, was used to measure cognitive inhibition. Results: The schizotypaltrait group committed significantly more errors in response to incongruent words than did the control group. The control group showed frontal negativity (FN) of significantly greater amplitude in response to incongruent than to congruent and neutral stimuli, whereas the schizotypal-trait group showed no significant difference in FN amplitude between incongruent and congruent/neutral stimuli at 300 -400 ms poststimulus. A source localization analysis conducted in different waveforms for incongruent minus congruent conditions at 300 -400 ms poststimulus showed reduced activation in the left cingulate cortex and in the middle/medial prefrontal cortex in the schizotypal-trait group compared with the control group. The two groups did not differ in the sustained potential amplitudes observed at 550 -650 ms after stimulus-onset at parietal sites. Conclusions: These results suggest that individuals with schizotypal traits have difficulties in conflict detection and cognitive inhibition, possibly mediated by the cingulate cortex and prefrontal cortex.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Normal controls show significantly greater FN amplitudes to incongruent than to congruent or neutral stimuli, whereas patients with schizophrenia show no differences in FN amplitudes between incongruent and congruent stimuli [22,23]. The cortical sources of the FN are the ACC [19,20,24,25] and the PFC [26,27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Electrophysiological correlates of cognitive inhibition in college students with schizotypal traits

Kim¹,

Oh²,

Jang³

et al. 2012

OJPsych

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“…The observed correlations between these components and behavioral indices of interference and conflict adaptation argue for the functional relevance of the underlying neurocognitive mechanisms in conflict processing. The N400, in particular, seems to reflect functioning of a conflict-monitoring system (an increase in behavioral interference was associated with an increase in the N400 conflict score), which is presumably located in the dACC (Badzakova-Trajkov et al, 2009;Hanslmayr et al, 2008;Liotti et al, 2000;West, 2003;West, Jakubek, Wymbs, Perry, & Moore, 2005). Third, and probably most important, our results indicate that trait anxiety is linked to the way this system dynamically adjusts to changes in cognitive demands.…”

Section: N400mentioning

confidence: 60%

“…Accordingly, a high target-distractor conflict is usually accompanied by a frontocentral negative-going voltage deflection about 400 msec after stimulus onset (N400), followed by a later, more posterior sustained positive potential (SP). The N400 has been assumed to reflect a conflict-monitoring and detection mechanism, and source-locating approaches have confirmed the above-mentioned f MRI results by demonstrating that this component is presumably generated by the dACC (Badzakova-Trajkov, Barnett, Waldie, & Kirk, 2009;Hanslmayr et al, 2008;Liotti, Woldorff, Perez, & Mayberg, 2000;West, 2003). In contrast, the SP probably represents both conflict detection and resolution and seems to be generated by a broader range of neuronal modules (Liotti et al, 2000;West, 2003).…”

mentioning

confidence: 59%

Trait anxiety and dynamic adjustments in conflict processing

Osinsky

Alexander

Gebhardt

et al. 2010

Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience

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“…The ACC is typically involved in the stroop task and thought to support the detection and the resolution of the conflict between color word and ink color information (for review see Botvinick et al 2001;Carter and van Veen 2007). Previous source modeling EEG study on Stroop task consistently pointed out the ACC and prefrontal regions as the main generator of the N450 components (Liotti et al 2000;Markela-Lerenc et al 2004;Hanslmayr et al 2008;Badzakova-Trajkov et al 2009;Bruchmann et al 2010). The basal ganglia, notably including the caudate nucleus, have also been advanced to support the inhibition of the prepotent response schemes elicited by word reading during Stroop interference (Shadmehr and Holcomb 1999;Parsons et al 2005;Li et al 2008;Ali et al 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High and Low Stimulus-Driven Conflict Engage Segregated Brain Networks, Not Quantitatively Different Resources

et al. 2013

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Task-irrelevant information is constantly present in our environment and may interfere with the processing of the information necessary to achieve goaldirected behavior. While task goals determine which information must be suppressed, the demand for inhibitory control depends on the strength of the interference induced by incoming, task-irrelevant information. Whether the same or distinct inhibitory processes are engaged to suppress various degrees of interference from task-irrelevant information remains largely unresolved. We investigated this question by manipulating the strength of the conflict induced by automatic word reading in a classical color Stroop task. High conflict was induced by presenting words in participant's native language and low conflict by presenting words in a less familiar language. Behavioral performance and electrical neuroimaging analyses of eventrelated potentials to the words were analyzed following a two-by-two within-subject design with factors conflict strength (high; low) and color word/word ink congruency (congruent; incongruent). Behaviorally, we observed a significant conflict strength 9 congruency driven by a smaller Stroop effect in the low-than high conflict condition. Electrophysiologically, we observed a significant conflict strength 9 congruency interaction at the topographic level during the period of the N450 components, indicative of the engagement of distinct configurations of brain networks. No such interaction was found at the level of response strength. Electrical sources analyses localized the topographic effect within the anterior cingulate cortex and basal ganglia, left middle frontal and occipital areas. We interpret our results in terms of qualitatively distinct executive mechanisms for reactive inhibitory control in conditions of high versus low stimulus-driven conflict.

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An ERP investigation of the Stroop task: The role of the cingulate in attentional allocation and conflict resolution

Cited by 111 publications

References 57 publications

Electrophysiological correlates of cognitive inhibition in college students with schizotypal traits

Electrophysiological correlates of cognitive inhibition in college students with schizotypal traits

Trait anxiety and dynamic adjustments in conflict processing

High and Low Stimulus-Driven Conflict Engage Segregated Brain Networks, Not Quantitatively Different Resources

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