“…The class of adaptive numerical methods is a practical technique often in conjunction with classical numerical schemes, such as finite elements and finite volumes, to reduce the overall computational cost while obtaining a highly accurate numerical solution. Generally speaking, three classes of adaptive approaches are available in the literature, including local mesh refinement (
‐adaptive),
1‐5 moving mesh approach (
‐adaptive),
6,7 and a numerical method by locally increasing the degree polynomial of basis functions on selected elements (
‐adaptive)
8 . For example, an
‐adaptive finite element (FEM) method consists of a loop of three key phases: solution, error estimation, and local mesh refinement.…”