An Evaluation of a New Scheme for Determination of Irrigation Depths in the Egyptian Nile Delta

Abstract

Innovative irrigation techniques should be implemented to improve irrigation management in dryland countries. In this regard, a new scheme, that uses three sets of irrigation depth and numerically simulated cumulative transpiration, was evaluated in the Egyptian Nile delta in 2020. Presuming that water is volumetrically priced, the proposed scheme can maximize net incomes at optimum irrigation depths considering quantitative weather forecasts. A field experiment was carried out with a randomized complete block design using a major crop, maize, to assess the feasibility of the proposed scheme in comparison to a sensor-based irrigation method under conditions of dry climate and clay loamy soil. The proposed scheme could increase the gross net income of farmers and conserve irrigation by 21% and 35%, respectively, compared to a sensor-based irrigation method, although the yield and its components were almost the same with no significant statistical differences. The model could accurately simulate soil water content in the topsoil layers with a RMSE of 0.02 cm3 cm−3. The proposed scheme could be a useful tool to spare the costs of expensive soil monitoring sensors while saving water and improving net income.

Effective Management of Scarce Water Resources: From Antiquity to Today and into the Future

“…The biggest difference comparing best water practices in Egypt and Greece is the size of the projects being prepared and implemented. While the Egyptians preferred large projects in larger areas, the Greeks preferred smaller projects [13][14][15][16][17].…”

“…An important site for the application of technological innovations for water resources for the Egyptians was the Nile basin, where they implemented, for example, shadouf or water paddles. The Greeks concentrated in cities, cultivated small plots of land and used the Archimedes screw principle and the Ktesibius pump [13][14][15][16][17].…”

“…The two ancient civilizations share the following common elements of water management [13][14][15][16][17]:…”

“…Poor harvests caused lower taxes, insufficient funds for the pharaoh, famine, drought and thirst. In the long term, the main consequence was collapse [14,[16][17][18][19].…”