Virtual reality (VR) is a way of digitally simulating or replicating an environment (Meyer et al., 2019). The four fundamental elements of VR are three-dimensional multimedia, immersion, sense of presence and interactions between the virtual and real environments (Makransky et al., 2019;Radianti et al., 2020). From its application in entertainment in the 1960s to flight training purposes in the 1980s (Makransky et al., 2019;van Ginkela et al., 2019), VR has demonstrated favourable teaching effects and widespread applications