An Evaluation of Procedures for Enumerating Bacteria in Activated Sludge

Pike, E. B.; Carrington, E. G.; Ashburner, Patricia A.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1972.tb03703.x

Cited by 80 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Artificial river water (ARW) (41), which was used for enrichment of BPF-degrading bacteria from a river water sample, contained (per liter of ultrapure water) 21 (28) containing BPF at 0.32 mM (1/10CGYF) was used to isolate BPF-degrading bacteria. The isolates were routinely maintained on CGY medium.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradation of Bis(4-Hydroxyphenyl)Methane (Bisphenol F) by Sphingobium yanoikuyae Strain FM-2 Isolated from River Water

Inoue

Hara

Kashihara

et al. 2008

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Three bacteria capable of utilizing bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane (bisphenol F [BPF]) as the sole carbon source were isolated from river water, and they all belonged to the family Sphingomonadaceae. One of the isolates, designated Sphingobium yanoikuyae strain FM-2, at an initial cell density of 0.01 (optical density at 600 nm) completely degraded 0.5 mM BPF within 9 h without any lag period under inductive conditions. Degradation assays of various bisphenols revealed that the BPF-metabolizing system of strain FM-2 was effective only on the limited range of bisphenols consisting of two phenolic rings joined together through a bridging carbon without any methyl substitution on the rings or on the bridging structure. A BPF biodegradation pathway was proposed on the basis of metabolite production patterns and identification of the metabolites. The initial step of BPF biodegradation involves hydroxylation of the bridging carbon to form bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methanol, followed by oxidation to 4,4-dihydroxybenzophenone. The 4,4-dihydroxybenzophenone appears to be further oxidized by the Baeyer-Villiger reaction to 4-hydroxyphenyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, which is then cleaved by oxidation to form 4-hydroxybenzoate and 1,4-hydroquinone. Both of the resultant simple aromatic compounds are mineralized.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradation of Bis(4-Hydroxyphenyl)Methane (Bisphenol F) by Sphingobium yanoikuyae Strain FM-2 Isolated from River Water

Inoue

Hara

Kashihara

et al. 2008

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…CGY agar (Pike et al, 1972) was used except where otherwise stated. It contained (g 1-l): Casitone, 5 ; glycerol, 5 ; yeast extract, I ; and agar (Oxoid no.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Comparative studies have shown that different media offer advantages for the recovery of different organisms. Pike et al (1972) found Casitone glucose yeast extract agar (CGY) gave the highest median counts for the enumeration of bacteria from activated sludge. They also showed that approximately 17 % fewer organisms are recovered on nutrient agar, as used by Allen (1g44), than on CGY.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sonication of Activated Sludge Flocs and the Recovery of their Bacteria on Solid Media

Banks

Walker

1977

Journal of General Microbiology

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To enumerate the bacteria present in activated sludge it is necessary to release them undamaged from the flocs. Samples of diluted activated sludge were sonicated for periods ranging from 20 to 240 s at five different intensities. During sonication, floc disruption was followed by measuring the absorbance of treated samples at 400 and 610 nm, energy input by recording changes in temperature and the release of viable organisms by plating techniques.The release of bacteria depended on the intensity and duration of sonication. Most viable bacteria were recovered after 80 to IOO s at a power output of 26 J s-l. Patterns of recovery of viable bacteria from 10 different activated sludges were of two types. Comparable recovery of bacteria from identical samples showed that two instruments could be successfully compared using physical criteria only.After sonication the number of bacteria recovered depended on the isolation medium. More bacteria were recovered from Casitone glycerol yeast extract agar than from Tryptone glucose beef and yeast extract vitamins agar (TGEVA) for five out of six sludges, and more were recovered from minimal pyruvate than from TGEVA for three out of six sludges.

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“…Formation of aggregates in the incubation media made accurate counts difficult. In media where aggregation had occurred, 1 to 5 m1 of the fixed samples were incubated for approximately 5 min with an equal volume of 5 mg 1-' sodium tripolyphosphate solution (Pike et al, 1972) and sonicated for 30 S in a Dawe Sonicleaner Type 6441 A prior to staining with acridine orange. Microbial biomass was calculated from cell numbers and mean volumes measured by means of the scanning electron microscopy method described by .…”

Section: Microbial Numbers and Biomassmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rate of Degradation and Efficiency of Conversion of Phytoplankton Debris by Marine Micro-Organisms

Newell¹,

Lucas²,

Linley³

1981

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

130

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Detritus from the dinoflagellates Scrippsiella (= Peridinurn) trochoidea and Isochrysis galbana and from the diatoms Skeletonema costaturn, Thalassiosira angstii and Chaetoceros tricornuturn incubated at 10 "C in seawater is colonised by a succession of micro-organisms. Primary microbial decomposers in the incubation experiments were bacterial rods and cocci which reached a peak standing stock carbon of 1.86 f 0.76 % of the carbon supplied to the incubation media by the third day of incubation. The bacteria were subsequently replaced by flagellates which attained a mean peak biomass of 12.5 f 3.58 % of the bacterial biomass by Day 6 before declining. Synchronous measurement of the utilisation of dissolved and particulate components from the incubation media shows that there is a well-defined initial sequence of aggregation of particulate matter to form bacterioparticulate complexes, much as have been recorded for natural waters. During this phase, carbon is mainly utilised from the dissolved component of phytoplankton cell debris, whilst the more refractory components including particulate debris is used more slowly. The dissolved organic component comprises a mean of 34 24 % of the total carbon in the debris and has a 50 % utilisation time of only 1.56 d (37.44 h), whereas the particulate component comprises 65 76 % of the total carbon and has a 50 % utilisation time of as much as 11.56 d (277.4 h). Bacterial carbon conversion efficiency (bacterial carbon/detrital carbon used X 100) during the initial phases of colonisation is 9.8 Sb -a value similar to that recorded for bacterial conversion of dissolved components of macrophyte debris. The results suggest that the carbon conversion budget for the decomposition of phytoplankton cell debris is 100 g carbon yielding 4 -644 g of bacterial carbon. This value for incorporation of carbon into bacteria from phytoplankton cell debris is much lower than might be anticipated from the absorption efficiency of selected labile components released in small quantities by living phytoplankton. The carbon conversion budget for whole phytoplankton debris thus suggests that as much as 30.8 % of the carbon is mineralised and returned to the environment within 3 d by the bacteria which initially colonise the material, whereas the more refractory 64.4 %, comprising carbon in the particulate components of the cell debris, is mineralised within approximately 11 d by bacteria characteristically associated with the decomposition phase of a phytoplankton bloom.

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An Evaluation of Procedures for Enumerating Bacteria in Activated Sludge

Cited by 80 publications

References 18 publications

Degradation of Bis(4-Hydroxyphenyl)Methane (Bisphenol F) by Sphingobium yanoikuyae Strain FM-2 Isolated from River Water

Degradation of Bis(4-Hydroxyphenyl)Methane (Bisphenol F) by Sphingobium yanoikuyae Strain FM-2 Isolated from River Water

Sonication of Activated Sludge Flocs and the Recovery of their Bacteria on Solid Media

Rate of Degradation and Efficiency of Conversion of Phytoplankton Debris by Marine Micro-Organisms

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