An Evaluation of Ten Pairwise Multiple Comparison Procedures by Monte Carlo Methods

Carmer, S. G.; Swanson, Mike

doi:10.1080/01621459.1973.10481335

Cited by 533 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Pre-drinking sensitivity to effects of ethanol on play fighting, social investigation and social preference were analyzed in low and high drinkers using separate 2 (sex) X 2 (drinking level) X 3 (ethanol dose: 0, 0.5, and 0.75 g/kg) ANOVAs, with ethanol dose treated as a repeated measure. In order to avoid inflating the possibility of type II errors on tests with multiple factors (Carmer & Swanson, 1973), Fisher's planned pairwise comparisons were used to explore significant effects and interactions.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex differences in sensitivity to the social consequences of acute ethanol and social drinking during adolescence

Truxell

Spear

2015

Behavioural Brain Research

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In human adolescents, sociable males frequently drink to enhance positive emotional states, whereas anxious females often drink to avoid negative affective states. This study used a rat model of adolescence to provide information regarding possible sex differences in contributors to social drinking. The effects of ethanol (0, 0.5, and 0.75 g/kg) on play fighting and social preference were assessed on P30, P32, and P34 using a within-subject design. Then animals were tested in a social drinking paradigm (P37-P40), with this testing revealing high drinkers and low drinkers. Sex differences in sensitivity to ethanol emerged among high and low drinkers. High socially drinking males, but not females, when tested prior to drinking sessions, showed significant increases in play fighting at both doses. In low drinking males, play fighting was increased by 0.5 g/kg ethanol, whereas the higher dose of 0.75 g/kg produced significant decreases in play fighting. High drinking females initially showed low levels of social preference than high drinking males and low drinking females and were extremely sensitive to ethanol-induced enhancement of this social measure. Low social drinkers, both males and females, were more sensitive to the suppressing effects of ethanol on social preference following 0.75 g/kg ethanol. These findings indicate that during adolescence enhanced sensitivity to the facilitating effects of ethanol on play fighting is associated with heavy drinking among males, whereas low social preference together with high sensitivity to ethanol-induced enhancement of social preference is related to high social drinking in females.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex differences in sensitivity to the social consequences of acute ethanol and social drinking during adolescence

Truxell

Spear

2015

Behavioural Brain Research

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“…Total VFA concentration (^moles/ml) and molar percentages of each of the three acids were calculated. In all experiments, multiple comparisons between treatments were statistically tested by an F-test at an a = .05 level (Carmer and Swanson, 1973).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Dietary Fibers on Performance and Fermentation Characteristics of Gut Contents from Growing Chicks

et al. 1982

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Four experiments were conducted to evaluate the inclusion of fiber from various sources and of various particle sizes in both semipurified and corn-soybean meal diets fed to chicks. Growth rate and feed efficiency were the performance measurements tested. In Experiment 1, 8-day-old New Hampshire X Columbian female chicks were fed polyethylene (PE) and alfalfa cell walls (ACW) of varying particle sizes (<300 Mm, 300 to 600 Mm, and 600 to 1200 Mm), incorporated into diets at the 8% level. A 0% fiber and an 8% solka floe treatment were used as controls. Consumption of ACW resulted in higher (P<.05) growth rates (6.5 vs. 5.4 g/day) and better (P<.05) feed efficiencies (.46 vs. .41) compared with chicks fed PE, regardless of particle size. In Experiment 2, two levels (4 and 8%) of pectin, lignin and xylose:gum arabic (50:50 mix), were tested using 8-day-old chicks of the same strain. Both levels of lignin and xylose:gum arabic (50:50 mix) resulted in superior grains compared to chicks fed control diets, while 8% pectin resulted in lower (P<.05) growth rates (3.3 g/day) than controls (5.2 g/day). Feed efficiencies followed the same pattern as growth rate. In Experiments 3 and 4, 1-day-old chicks (Experiment 3) and 8-dayold chicks (Experiment 4) of the Hubbard strain were fed two levels (5 and 10%) of gum arabic, xylose, and lignin substituted for corn in practical-type diets. Controls included 0% fiber and 5% arenaceous flour treatments. In Experiment 3, chicks fed both levels of xylose and lignin gained better (P<.05) than controls, whereas those fed 5% gum arabic performed poorer (12.3 g/day for controls; 9.6 g/day for gum arabic). Feed efficiency results showed similar trends. Growth rates of 8-day-old chicks fed 10% gum arabic and 10% xylose were lower (P<.05) than controls (28.4 and 30.7 vs. 31.6 g/day, respectively). Only chicks fed 10% gum arabic had lower feed efficiencies than controls. Cecal and large intestinal contents from chicks fed 10% xylose contained the highest concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) (83.5 and 79.9 Mmoles/ml). Chicks fed lignin had the least cecal VFA (60.8 Mmoles/ml) while chicks fed lignin and those fed the control diet had the least large intestinal VFA. Acetate was the predominant VFA while propionate was present in the lowest molar concentration. (

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“…This approach was adopted with the present limited sample size of 34 classes because it seemed to combine the good power characteristics of individual t tests with the protection against large, experimentwise Type I error afforded by the requirement that the overall F also meet the 0.05 significance criterion (Carmer & Swanson, 1973;Cohen & Cohen, 1975, p. 162). In future studies involving larger samples, however, better protection against Type I errors could be obtained by using Tukey's or Newman-Keul's tests instead of t tests.…”

Section: Differences Between Four Forms Of Iceqmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences Between Student and Teacher Perceptions of Actual and Preferred Classroom Learning Environment

Fraser¹

1982

Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis

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An Evaluation of Ten Pairwise Multiple Comparison Procedures by Monte Carlo Methods

Cited by 533 publications

References 11 publications

Sex differences in sensitivity to the social consequences of acute ethanol and social drinking during adolescence

Sex differences in sensitivity to the social consequences of acute ethanol and social drinking during adolescence

Influence of Dietary Fibers on Performance and Fermentation Characteristics of Gut Contents from Growing Chicks

Differences Between Student and Teacher Perceptions of Actual and Preferred Classroom Learning Environment

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