An Evaluation of the Antifungal and Antioxidant Activity of Pinus merkusii Bark Ethyl Acetate Extract

Abstract

Pinus merkusii is the only species in the Pinaceae family to grow in Southeast Asia, including Indonesia, and serves as a source of wood and oleoresins. During the utilization of this pine, the bark is discarded as residue, however, this residue is possibly a potential source of antifungal and antioxidant agents, due to the polyphenol contents. This study, therefore, aims to investigate the antifungal and antioxidant compounds present in the bark of P. merkusii. The ethyl acetate extracts of Pinus merkusii were fractionated to obtain five fractions (Fr. A- Fr. E) and the bioactivity of each fraction was observed. Subsequently, the growth inhibition against Phanerochaete chrysosporium, was evaluated for antifungal activity, while DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method was used to ascertain antioxidant activity. According to the GC-MS analysis, the ethyl acetate fractions contain triterpenoids and steroids as the dominant compounds as well as minor amounts of mono-sesquiterpenoids and hydrocarbons. The highest growth inhibition exhibited by Fr. C- Fr. E (>60%) indicates triterpenoids and steroids act as a fungal inhibitors. Meanwhile, the five fractions exhibited low antioxidant activity because the steroids and triterpenoids present are possibly ineffective DPPH inhibitors. Also, the antifungal and antioxidant activity R2 values were discovered to correlate 0.3, indicating a low positive correlation.

Analysis of Lipophilic Constituents Related to Heartwood Formation in Young Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq Trees

“…chrysosporium (Masendra et al, 2020). Steroid constituents such as cycloeucalenyl acetate and stigmasta-3,5diene from n-hexane extract of E. pellita have been specifically associated with increased toxicity to Cryptotermes termites (Masendra et al, 2021). A high accumulation of steroid compounds was also believed to affect potent antioxidant activity (Masendra et al, 2021).…”

“…Steroid constituents such as cycloeucalenyl acetate and stigmasta-3,5diene from n-hexane extract of E. pellita have been specifically associated with increased toxicity to Cryptotermes termites (Masendra et al, 2021). A high accumulation of steroid compounds was also believed to affect potent antioxidant activity (Masendra et al, 2021). Furthermore, phytosteroids may be useful in treating inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, asthma, and cardiovascular disease (Cheng et al, 2022).…”

Predicting the current and future distributions of Pinus merkusii in Southeast Asia under climate change

“…Latest study shows that the optimal temperature for P. merkusii growth is in the range of 18-25°C (Sandri et al 2016). The P. merkusii grows well in areas with high annual rainfall between 1,000-2,000 mm (Masendra et al 2021), making this species suitable to grow in Southeast Asia which generally has high rainfall.…”