An evaluation of the efficacy of Aqualox for microbiological control of industrial cooling tower systems

Prince, E.L.; Muir, A.V.G.; Thomas, W.M.; Stollard, R.J.; Mamphweli, Sampson; Lewis, Justin

doi:10.1053/jhin.2002.1293

Cited by 18 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Copper-silver ionization, bromine, super-heating or ultraviolet light units are some of the treatments commonly recommended for disinfection of water systems. These treatments have been reported to be ineffective in the eradication of bacteria (Liu et al 1995;Biurrun et al 1999;Borau et al 2000;Prince et al 2002). Re-colonization with L. pneumophila sg 1 from the centralized hot water-distribution system in a hospital, involved in an outbreak of nosocomial LD, took place 2 months after shock heating and hyperchlorination of water (Borella et al 2000).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistence of chlorine-sensitiveLegionella pneumophilain hyperchlorinated installations

Garcı́a

Baladrón

Gil

et al. 2008

Journal of Applied Microbiology

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Aims: To study the persistence of Legionella over time in different disinfected facilities and analysing whether failures in bacterial eradication could be the result of a decrease in the susceptibility of the persistent strains to subsequent treatments. Methods and Results: A long‐term environmental surveillance was carried out in three different facilities associated with cases of Legionnaires’ disease (a hospital, a fishing boat and a hotel). Despite several hyperchlorination episodes, amplified fragment length polymorphism, pulsed field gel electrophoresis‐SfiI and arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction methods demonstrated that a specific clone of L. pneumophila serogroup 1 was able to survive for 17, 5 and 10 years in the hospital, fishing boat and the hotel, respectively. Isolates from different years from the same facility showed similar minimal inhibitory concentration and minimal bactericidal concentration values against eight different disinfectants. Conclusions: Hyperchlorination over long periods of time did not prevent the persistence of L. pneumophila. The lack of effectiveness did not appear to be the result of a decreased susceptibility of Legionella to chlorine. Hyperchlorination did not modify in vitro susceptibility of Legionella to other disinfectants to which the bacteria had not previously been exposed. Significance and Impact of the Study: Persistent Legionella in treated installations remain sensitive to disinfectants; hence, new strategies of treatment, different from hyperchlorination, should be developed to achieve bacterial eradication.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistence of chlorine-sensitiveLegionella pneumophilain hyperchlorinated installations

Garcı́a

Baladrón

Gil

et al. 2008

Journal of Applied Microbiology

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“…It is difficult to compare the findings of this study with those that have evaluated the antimicrobial efficacy of electrochemically activated solutions (Horiba et al 1999, Marais & Brozel 1999, Marais & Williams 2001, Prince et al 2002 because of differences in methodology. Marais & Brozel (1999) and subsequently Walker et al (2003) evaluated the ability of electrochemically activated water to control dental unit water line biofilms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Marais & Brozel (1999) and subsequently Walker et al (2003) evaluated the ability of electrochemically activated water to control dental unit water line biofilms. Prince et al (2002) successfully showed the ability of a commercially produced biocide (Aqualox Ò -electrochemically activated water [Aquabox System, Steribox Technologies Ltd, Abingdon, UK]) to control Legionella spp. and heterotrophic bacteria in industrial cooling towers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The endodontic literature on the use of this technology is sparse but shows early promise. The solutions from both technologies have been tested for their ability to debride root canals (Marais 2000, Solovyeva & Dummer 2000, Hata et al 2001, remove smear layer (Hata et al 1996, Serper et al 2001, kill bacteria (Horiba et al 1999, Marais & Brozel 1999, Marais & Williams 2001, Prince et al 2002 and bacterial spores (Loshon et al 2001), with favourable results whilst showing biocompatibility with vital systems (Ichikawa et al 1999, Petrushanko & Lobyshev 2001, Serper et al 2001.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effectiveness of electrochemically activated water as an irrigant in an infected tooth model

Gulabivala

Stock²,

Lewsey

et al. 2004

Int Endodontic J

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“…hospital wards), and targeted use of fogged/aerosolised ECAS a may help control healthcare-associated infection outbreaks. A neutralised ECAS a has been shown to be effective at reducing bacterial levels in industrial cooling towers in accordance with the UK Health and Safety Commission (HSC) Approved Code of Practice and Guidance (ACOP) [134]. Since severalhospital outbreaks of Legionella pneumophila are thought to have originated from contaminated cooling towers [135], this demonstrates the wide range of applications where ECAS a may help to control the microbial bioburden within global healthcare environments.…”

Section: (I) Treatment and Prevention Of Wound Infectionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Electrochemically activated solutions: evidence for antimicrobial efficacy and applications in healthcare environments

Thorn

Lee

Robinson

et al. 2011

Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis

107

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Due to the limitations associated with the use of existing biocidal agents, there is a need to explore new methods of disinfection to help maintain effective bioburden control, especially within the healthcare environment. The transformation of low mineral salt solutions into an activated metastable state, by electrochemical unipolar action, produces a solution containing a variety of oxidants, including hypochlorous acid, free chlorine and free radicals, known to possess antimicrobial properties. Electrochemically activated solutions (ECAS) have been shown to have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, and have the potential to be widely adopted within the healthcare environment due to low-cost raw material requirements and ease of production (either remotely or in situ). Numerous studies have found ECAS to be highly efficacious, as both a novel environmental decontaminant and a topical treatment agent (with low accompanying toxicity), but they are still not in widespread use, particularly within the healthcare environment. This review provides an overview of the scientific evidence for the mode of action, antimicrobial spectrum and potential healthcare-related applications of ECAS, providing an insight into these novel yet seldom utilised biocides.

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An evaluation of the efficacy of Aqualox for microbiological control of industrial cooling tower systems

Cited by 18 publications

References 16 publications

Persistence of chlorine-sensitiveLegionella pneumophilain hyperchlorinated installations

Persistence of chlorine-sensitiveLegionella pneumophilain hyperchlorinated installations

Effectiveness of electrochemically activated water as an irrigant in an infected tooth model

Electrochemically activated solutions: evidence for antimicrobial efficacy and applications in healthcare environments

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