An evaluation of the potential effects of ivermectin on the decomposition of cattle dung pats

Wratten, Stephen D.; Mead-Briggs, M. A.; Gettinby, G.; Ericsson, Göran; Baggott, D.G.

doi:10.1136/vr.133.15.365

Cited by 36 publications

(22 citation statements)

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“…In Australia a field study confirmed the above observations [22]. However, the potential of ivermectin use to affect pasture quality has been the subject of considerable, and ongoing, debate [31,50,51], since other experiments were unable to detect any significant change in degradation rate or in the long-term accumulation of dung in the field following treatment with ivermectin [7,8,119]. The differences in the results may reflect the diversity of the dung-feeding fauna of the various countries.…”

Section: Influence Of Anthelmintics On Dung Degradationsupporting

confidence: 64%

“…The mortality was thought to be associated with the oxfendazole component since levamisole is rapidly absorbed following oral, subcutaneous or topical administration, and is rapidly and largely excreted unchanged in the urine. However in field studies, using a pulse release formulation delivering 750 mg of oxfendazole, no evidence of any effects of oxfendazole on the rate of dung degradation or on the numbers or weight of earthworms in the pasture were found [119]. According to McKellar [81], the benzimidazoles have relatively short residence times following single oral administration and very low concentrations are passed in the faeces within 36 h (thiabendazole), 96 h (albendazole) or 168 h (oxfendazole, fenbendazole) after administration [73][74][75]118].…”

Section: Concentration Stability and Activity Of Anthelmintics In Thmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Use of anthelmintics in herbivores and evaluation of risks for the non target fauna of pastures

2002

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-The overall purpose of this paper was to review the major and most recent literature relating the effects of anthelmintics on dung breeding invertebrates and dung degradation. Faecal residues or metabolites of drugs belonging to the benzimidazole and levamisole/morantel groups are relatively harmless to dung fauna, on the contrary to other anthelmintics such as coumaphos, dichlorvos, phenothiazine, piperazine, synthetic pyrethroids, and most macrocyclic lactones which have been shown to be highly toxic for dung beetles (abamectin, ivermectin, eprinomectin, doramectin), among which moxidectin was the less toxic for dung beetles. To date, the detrimental impact upon non-target organisms has been considered acceptable in eradicating the parasites because of their economic importance to commercial livestock production. The consequences of routine treatments are discussed with consideration of the long-term consequences for cow pat fauna and sustainable pastureland ecology.anthelmintic / residue / dung beetle / Diptera / sustainable parasite control Résumé -Usage des anthelminthiques en élevage et évaluation des risques pour la faune non cible du pâturage. Cet article de synthèse passe en revue les travaux de la littérature les plus récents concernant les effets secondaires des principaux produits vétérinaires utilisés en routine sur la faune coprophage et sur la dégradation des excréments dans les pâturages. Les résidus (ou les métabolites) des groupes du benzimidazole et levamisole/morantel trouvés dans les excréments s'avèrent relativement peu toxiques pour la faune coprophage. Au contraire les anthelminthiques des groupes suivants s'avèrent hautement toxiques: coumaphos, dichlorvos, phénothiazine, pipérazine, pyréthroïdes de synthèse, et la plupart des lactones macrocycliques (abamectine, ivermectine, éprinomectine, doramectine), la moxidectine étant la moins toxique pour la faune coprophage. Jusqu'à présent, cet impact négatif a été considéré comme acceptable par les éleveurs et firmes pharmaceutiques en regard de l'importance économique du contrôle et/ou l'éradication des parasites. Les conséquences des traitements de routine sont discutées en considérant que l'absence de dégradation des bouses constatée 547

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Section: Influence Of Anthelmintics On Dung Degradationsupporting

confidence: 64%

Section: Concentration Stability and Activity Of Anthelmintics In Thmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of anthelmintics in herbivores and evaluation of risks for the non target fauna of pastures

2002

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“…The discussion on the possible environmental effects of ivermectin has so far focused mainly on cattle dung and its fauna (Roncalli, 1989;Strong & 64 James, 1992;Wratten et al, 1993;Barth et al, 1994;Barth et al, 1995;Sherratt et al, 1998). There are strong controversies concerning the degree of impact ivermectin may have on pastureland ecology (e. g. Barth, 1993;Strong, 1993;Forbes, 1993;Holter et al, 1994;Wratten et al, 1993;Herd, 1995;Forbes, 1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are strong controversies concerning the degree of impact ivermectin may have on pastureland ecology (e. g. Barth, 1993;Strong, 1993;Forbes, 1993;Holter et al, 1994;Wratten et al, 1993;Herd, 1995;Forbes, 1996). The impact of ivermectin on dung insects probably ranges from negligible to catastrophic, depending on factors like manner of administration, time of year, and treatment frequency (see the recent models by Sherratt et al (1998)).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of reindeer with ivermectin - effect on dung insect fauna

Nilssen

Åsbakk

Haugerud

et al. 1999

Ran

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Abstract:Ivermectin is an antiparasitic drug widely used in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus (L.)) in Fennoscandia and North America. Most of the ivermectin injected in the animal is excreted unchanged in the faeces. Several reports show that ivermectin in cattle dung disrupts colonisation and survival of beneficial dung breeding insects. The present study investigated the effect of ivermectin on the reindeer dung fauna. Four reindeer calves (males, 6 months of age) were injected subcutaneously with standard doses of ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg body weight) in early December. The daily produced faeces was collected until day 30 after treatment, and the concentration of ivermectin was determined by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. The highest concentration measured (mean 1632 ng/g faeces (dry weight), range 907 to 2261 ng/g among the animals) was on day 4 after treatment. The concentration decreased gradually to 28 ng/g (range 6 to 58 ng/g) on day 30. Faeces portions from day 4 and from untreated reindeer were placed in the field on 2-4 July and recollected on 13-22 September in order to detect possible differences in decomposition fauna between the samples. The most important coprophilous beetles (Apbodius spp.) and flies (Scatbophaga spp.) were not detected in this winter dung whether it contained ivermectin or not, probably because of the dry consistency and small size of the pellets. On the other hand, these insects (larvae and imagines) were common in summer dung, which had been deposited naturally in the field and later placed together with the ivermectin-containing winter dung for comparison. The summer dung has a more soft and lumpy consistency. Treatment in autumn or early winter implies that the bulk of the ivermectin from the animal will be present in faeces with winter consistency, since this bulk portion is excreted during the first 30 days after treatment. This dry and pelleted faeces is not utilized by the important coprophilous insecr species, and the current practice of treatment of reindeer with ivermectin in autumn or early winter is therefore the regime representing the least danger of harmful influence on the coprophilous fauna and their contribution to the dung decomposition process.

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“…Some investigations from Europe, which used pat mass as an indicator, showed that avermectin treatments reduce the rate of breakdown of pats [2,16,23], while some other controversial works have communicated no adverse effects on dung dispersal following avermectin treatments [25,35]. In a study during the autumn in Argentina [26], significant delays in the rate of degradation of those pats from cattle injected with ivermectin and doramectin, using reduced pat weight as an indicator, were reported (Fig.…”

Section: Effects On Dung Degradation and Persistencementioning

confidence: 99%

Helminthic control on grazing ruminants and environmental risks in South America

Suárez¹

2002

Vet. Res.

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-The control of ruminant gastrointestinal nematodes and ectoparasites, one of the major production health problems, are heavily reliant on the systematic and sometimes abusive use of anthelmintic drugs. Endectocides are the most frequently used drugs, having high potency against arthropods and nematodes. Their dung pat residues enhance the risk of adverse effects on non-target invertebrates and on the general grazing cattle ecosystem. In this scenario, our objective is to review current knowledge of the agro-environmental and biodiversity impact and risks of endectocides in South America. The effects of faecal drug residues of ivermectin and doramectin on dung colonising invertebrates and dung degradation have been reported in studies carried out in the temperate centre of Argentina and in the subtropical region of Brazil. The results from Argentina showed a depression in invertebrate colonisation and degradation of dung recovered from endectocide treated cattle during the autumn. Comparisons have shown that ivermectin and doramectin have similar adverse effects. A decrease of Coleoptera larvae, Diptera larvae, Staphylinidae, Collembola, Acari and dung specific nematodes was noted in pats from both endectocides. The results from Brazil showed that dipterous larvae, Polyphaga coleopteran larvae and adults and mites were significantly reduced in the ivermectin treated group. The disturbances that macrocyclic lactones can produce on non-targeted invertebrates and on their associated participation in dung degradation and soil element recycling, are unpredictable and can negatively influence biodiversity and the agricultural ecosystem sustainability.endectocide / environmental risk / South America / cattle grazing system / dung fauna Résumé -Contrôle des helminthes chez les ruminants à l'herbe et risques environnementaux en Amérique du Sud. Le contrôle des nématodes gastro-intestinaux et des ectoparasites, qui est l'un des problèmes de santé majeurs dans la production bovine, repose largement sur l'utilisation systé-matique et parfois abusive d'anthelmintiques. Les endectocides, qui ont un effet puissant contre les arthropodes et les nématodes, sont les médicaments le plus fréquemment utilisés. Leurs résidus dans les matières fécales augmentent les risques d'effets nocifs sur des invertébrés qui ne sont pas la cible 563

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An evaluation of the potential effects of ivermectin on the decomposition of cattle dung pats

Cited by 36 publications

References 0 publications

Use of anthelmintics in herbivores and evaluation of risks for the non target fauna of pastures

Use of anthelmintics in herbivores and evaluation of risks for the non target fauna of pastures

Treatment of reindeer with ivermectin - effect on dung insect fauna

Helminthic control on grazing ruminants and environmental risks in South America

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