The importance of particle shape in affecting the behaviour of powders and other particulate systems has long been recognised, but until fairly recently particle shape information has been rather difficult to obtain and use compared to its more well-known companion -particle size. Because of advances in computing power and 3D image acquisition and analysis techniques, the measurement, description and application of particle shape has experienced a great leap forward in recent years. Since we are in a digital era, it is befitting that many of these advanced techniques are digitally based. This review article aims to trace the development of these new techniques, highlight their contributions to both academic and practical applications, and present a future perspective.Partial contribution of NIST not subject to US copyright Keywords: particle shape; digital methods; review; shape measurement; spherical harmonics; X-ray tomography
IntroductionEveryone whose job involves dealing with particles probably agrees that particle size is one of the most important parameters characterising particles. Many also appreciate that, for non-spherical particles, there is no such thing as "the" particle size, since the so-called size may have many different values depending on the method of measurement, definition and the purpose of (Jennings and Parslow, 1988;Allen, 2003). This is all because of particle shape. Non-spherical particles do not have the isotropy of a sphere, meaning the result of even a direct measurement of its linear dimension may vary with the direction of measurement. Think about a pebble being measured with a ruler by hand or virtually in a computer. Results from indirect measurements (e.g., by light scattering or sedimentation) are different even for spheres (Andrès et al, 1996;Allen, 2003), let alone non-spherical particles (Black et al, 1996;Mühlenweg and Hirleman, 1998;Naito et al, 1998;Walther, 2003;Xu and Di Guida, 2003; Eshel et al, 2004;Blott and Pye, 2006;Xu, 2006;Agrawal et al, 2008;Tinke et al, 2008;DiStefano et al, 2010;Califice et al, 2013).In theory, particle shape can be as important as particle size for the characterization of particles for various applications. For example, many physical properties of powders, including effective conductivity, mechanical strength, and flowability, depend on contact characteristics between the particles. Regardless of size, contact characteristics between spheres are very different from those between non-spherical particles. Spheres have only point contacts. Although in reality such point contacts do have a finite size (contact area and depth), their size and distribution around spherical particles are comparatively much more uniform than for non-spherical particles. Non-spherical particles can have area (face) and line (edge) contacts as well as point contacts. Considering the mechanisms underlying the properties such as shear resistance, flowability, electrical, and thermal conductivity, it should be obvious that particle contact characteristics have a...