An evaluation of the vitamin D3 content in fish: Is the vitamin D content adequate to satisfy the dietary requirement for vitamin D?

Abstract

It has been suggested that the major source of vitamin D should come from dietary sources and not sun exposure. However, the major fortified dietary source of vitamin D is milk which often does not contain at least 80% of what is stated on the label. Fish has been touted as an excellent source of vitamin D especially oily fish including salmon and mackerel. Little is known about the effect of various cooking conditions on the vitamin D content in fish. We initiated a study and evaluated the vitamin D content in several species of fish and also evaluated the effect of baking and frying on the vitamin D content. Surprisingly, farmed salmon had approximately 25% of the vitamin D content as wild salmon had. The vitamin D content in fish varied widely even within species. These data suggest that the tables that list the vitamin D content are out-of-date and need to be re-evaluated.

Direct evidence for positive selection of skin, hair, and eye pigmentation in Europeans during the last 5,000 y

“…In many parts of Europe, the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition is associated with a switch from a vitamin D-rich aquatic or gamebased hunter-gatherer diet (44) to a vitamin D-poor agriculturalist diet. In low-UV regimes such as the one prevailing in our study region, it is difficult to meet vitamin D requirements without the consumption of significant quantities of oily fish or animal liver (45,46). The vitamin D recommended dietary allowance of 800-1,000 IU for adults requires the daily consumption of the equivalent of 100 g of wild salmon (the dietary input with the greatest measured vitamin D concentration).…”

Associations between abdominal fat and body mass index on vitamin D status in a group of Spanish schoolchildren

“…No significant differences were observed between the groups in terms of the consumption of milk products, meat, fish or eggs-the main dietary sources of vitamin D (Gannagé-Yared et al, 2005;LambergAllardt, 2006;Lu et al, 2007;Lee et al, 2008b). There were not any differences observed in calcium intake (Table 1), despite the fact that a low calcium intake has been associated with inadequate vitamin D status (Heaney, 2008).…”

Nutrition, dental caries and periodontal disease: a narrative review

“…Vitamin K appears to be another promising candidate in the protection against dental caries (Southward 2015). The aim of this review is not to suggest that dietary recommendations should focus on any single micronutrient such as vitamin D, but instead to point out that proper tooth mineralization is favourably influenced by foods rich in mineralizing factors such as darkgreen leafed vegetables, cheese, milk, cod-liver oil, oyster mushrooms, eggs and certain species of wild salmon (Lu et al 2007). It is true that vitamin D can be particularly challenging to obtain with whole foods for people who avoid the sun (Gillie 2010 Boonen et al 2007).…”