“…Empirical studies of TQM practices in diþ erent countries are ample. Recent (Dean & Bowen, 1994) examples are in Australia (Kayis, 1998), Hong Kong (Ho et al, 1999), Italy (Ruggieri & Merli, 1998), Korea (Yoo, 1998), Malaysia (Aziz et al, 1998) and Singapore (Quazi & Padibjo, 1998;. Although TQM has been studied and implemented world-wide, a universally accepted de® nition does not exist.…”