An Evidence-Based Review of the Pathophysiology, Treatment, and Prevention of Exercise-Associated Muscle Cramps

Miller, Kevin; McDermott, Brendon P.; Yeargin, Susan W.; Fiol, Aidan; Schwellnus, Martin

doi:10.4085/1062-6050-0696.20

Cited by 16 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…The Institute of Medicine80 has recognised that public health recommendations to limit sodium ingestion should not be applied to individuals with elevated sweat loss due to exercising in the heat. While exercise-associated muscle cramps are mainly due to premature muscle fatigue121 and not salt depletion,122 exercise in the heat may also promote muscle cramping in some athletes,13 probably when the sodium deficit reach 20%–30% of the exchangeable sodium pool 123. Thus, most athletes should include a solution with 0.5–0.7 g/L of sodium in their hydration plan when exercising >1 hour 111 124 125.…”

Section: Section 2: Recommendations For Risk Mitigation By the Athletesmentioning

confidence: 99%

IOC consensus statement on recommendations and regulations for sport events in the heat

et al. 2022

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This document presents the recommendations developed by the IOC Medical and Scientific Commission and several international federations (IF) on the protection of athletes competing in the heat. It is based on a working group, meetings, field experience and a Delphi process. The first section presents recommendations for event organisers to monitor environmental conditions before and during an event; to provide sufficient ice, shading and cooling; and to work with the IF to remove regulatory and logistical limitations. The second section summarises recommendations that are directly associated with athletes’ behaviours, which include the role and methods for heat acclimation; the management of hydration; and adaptation to the warm-up and clothing. The third section explains the specific medical management of exertional heat stroke (EHS) from the field of play triage to the prehospital management in a dedicated heat deck, complementing the usual medical services. The fourth section provides an example for developing an environmental heat risk analysis for sport competitions across all IFs. In summary, while EHS is one of the leading life-threatening conditions for athletes, it is preventable and treatable with the proper risk mitigation and medical response. The protection of athletes competing in the heat involves the close cooperation of the local organising committee, the national and international federations, the athletes and their entourages and the medical team.

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Section: Section 2: Recommendations For Risk Mitigation By the Athletesmentioning

confidence: 99%

IOC consensus statement on recommendations and regulations for sport events in the heat

et al. 2022

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“…In general, the results demonstrate that rehydration with Zamzam water following significant dehydration may help to maintain or even improve cardiorespiratory fitness. Rehydration with fluid following the loss of 2% or more of body weight could help to prevent a decline in sports performance [9,[22][23][24][25]. Several studies have examined the effect of exercise-induced dehydration on cardiorespiratory fitness [7,26].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Rehydration with Mineral Water on Cardiorespiratory Fitness Following Exercise-Induced Dehydration in Athletes

AL-Qurashi¹,

Aljaloud²,

Aldayel³

et al. 2022

JOMH

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Background:The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of rehydration with mineral water on cardiorespiratory fitness in athletes. Methods: Twenty athletes (age 21.7 ± 3 years) underwent a random, crossover design experimental trial. Three visits were arranged, with the first for baseline measurement. The second visit included three phases (pre-dehydration, post-dehydration, and postrehydration), with either Zamzam (mineral water) or bottled water (control water) used. The third visit was similar to the second visit, but with an exchange of the type of water used. Cardiorespiratory fitness and blood parameters were evaluated. Results were compared between Zamzam water and bottled water, and between the phases for each type of water. Results: No significant difference was found between Zamzam and bottled water for the cardiorespiratory fitness markers. However, Zamzam water maintained cardiorespiratory functions including VO 2peak , VT1, VT2, and VE peak , even with rehydration equivalent to 100% of the loss in body weight following exercise-induced dehydration (>2% loss in body weight). Rehydration with bottled water was associated with a significant reduction in both the VO 2peak and VE peak . Conclusions: Rehydration with mineral water such as Zamzam is unlikely to impair cardiorespiratory fitness, even with an intake equal to 100% of the loss in body weight.

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“…In general, the results of the study demonstrated that rehydrating with Zamzam water following significant dehydration may help to maintain or even improve cardiorespiratory fitness. Rehydration with fluid following 2% or more of losing weight could help to maintain or eliminate the decline of sports performance [7,[20][21][22][23]. A number of studies examined the effect of exercise-induced dehydration on cardiorespiratory fitness [24,25].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Rehydration with Mineral Water Following Exercise Induced Dehydration on Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Athletes

Al-Qurashi¹,

Aljaloud²,

Aldayel³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background: the present study aimed to examine the effect of rehydration with mineral water on cardiorespiratory fitness in athletes. Methods: Twenty athletes (21.7±3 years) were ran-domly underwent a crossover design experimental trail. Three visits were arranged. The first visit was for baseline measurement. The second visit included three phases (pre-dehydration, post-dehydration, and post-rehydration), and either Zamzam (mineral water) or bottle water (control water) was used. The third visit was similar to the second visit with exchange the type of water. Cardiorespiratory fitness and blood parameters have been evaluated. Data were an-alyzed to compare results of Zamzam water with bottle water and to compare between the phases for each type of water. Results: although there was no significant difference found be-tween Zamzam and bottle water in the cardiorespiratory fitness markers, Zamzam water maintained cardiorespiratory function including VO2peak, VT1, VT2, and VEpeak even with re-hydration equal to 100% of losing body mass following exercise-induced dehydration (>-2% body mass), where rehydration with bottle water reported significant reduction in both VO2peak and VEpeak. Conclusion: rehydration with mineral water such as Zamzam water may not impair cardiorespiratory fitness even with amount equal to 100% of losing body mass.

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An Evidence-Based Review of the Pathophysiology, Treatment, and Prevention of Exercise-Associated Muscle Cramps

Cited by 16 publications

References 59 publications

IOC consensus statement on recommendations and regulations for sport events in the heat

IOC consensus statement on recommendations and regulations for sport events in the heat

Effect of Rehydration with Mineral Water on Cardiorespiratory Fitness Following Exercise-Induced Dehydration in Athletes

Effect of Rehydration with Mineral Water Following Exercise Induced Dehydration on Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Athletes

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