Soil is a non-renewable natural resource that forms the foundation for the life of numerous terrestrial organisms. Importantly, it supports ecosystems and human communities by serving as a medium for agricultural production and providing habitats for several animals and plants (Cassidy et al., 2013;Gao et al., 2022;. Unfortunately, the rapid expansion of human urbanization and advancements in industry have released a substantial amount of various kinds of hazardous and harmful contaminants into soils, including inorganic toxic metals. There are nine metals and metalloids commonly found in contaminated soils, including arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn) (Evanko and Dzombak, 1997;FAO and UNEP, 2021;Su, 2014). Four of these metals (Cu, Ni, Zn) are essential elements required in only small concentrations for proper plant growth, but high-level exposure can be toxic for plants. The rest are non-essential elements and highly toxic for plants even at low concentrations. In addition, these contaminated metals are non-biodegradable and persistent in nature (FAO and UNEP, 2021). Due to these properties, metal contamination has been recognized as a serious concern for soil resources and human health worldwide