An evolutionary epidemiological mechanism, with applications to type a influenza

Evolution and Ecology of Influenza A Viruses

“…In contrast, the B and C viruses exhibit multiple lineage evolution, which indicates the presence of cocirculating strains within the human population (21,196). The pattern of epidemiology and evolution of the B and C viruses suggests that they are at or approaching an evolutionary equilibrium with their human hosts, whereas the A viruses are not and are prevented from it by perturbations arising from reassortment of human virus genomes with those from avian viruses (see, e.g., reference 131).…”

Shaping the phylogenetic tree of influenza by cross-immunity

“…Previous models of influenza drift have focused on the epidemiological consequences of drift by assuming that mutations occur along a one dimensional axis representing the main trunk of the phylogenetic tree and that the drift-mutation is constant over time (Pease, 1987;Inaba, 2001;Thieme and Yang, 2002;Girvan et al, 2002;Andreasen, 2003).…”

Sustained oscillations in an evolutionary epidemiological model of influenza A drift

“…It is reported that, for sites involved in antigen determination, amino acid substitutions are more frequent than synonymous substitutions (Ina & Gojobori 1994;Earn et al 2002). Also, an approximately equal number of amino acid substitutions occur in the influenza each year between the immunizing and the challenge virus strains (Pease 1987;Smith et al 2004;Koelle et al 2006).…”

“…Genes of influenza viruses mutate with high frequency (Buonagurio et al 1986;Fitch et al 1997), which plays an important role in causing reccurent influenza epidemics (Pease 1987). Influenza type A viruses undergo two kinds of changes.…”

“…Antigenic drift is a major process that accumulates point mutations at the antibody sites in the HA protein, leading to the emergence of immunologically distinct strains and enabling the viruses to evade recognition by hosts' antibodies (Schweiger et al 2002;Treanor 2004;Shih et al 2007). The immunologically distinct influenza virus strains can reinfect hosts that are immune to the progenitor influenza strain and reinvade the communities that recently suffered an epidemic of the progenitor strain (Pease 1987). Antigenic shift is an abrupt major change resulting in new HA and/or new HA and NA proteins in influenza viruses that infect humans.…”