An evolutionary treatment of the morphology and physiology of circulatory organs in insects

Hertel, Wieland; Pass, Günther

doi:10.1016/s1095-6433(02)00251-9

Cited by 39 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…The above description details what generally occurs in adult stage Diptera, but there are variations to this plan. For example, the heart of immature insects and some adult insects only contracts anterograde, some insects contain segmental vessels that extend laterally from the heart, and the location, number and function of the ostia varies between species and life stages (Ejaz and Lange, 2008; Gerould, 1933; Hertel and Pass, 2002; League et al, 2015). …”

Section: Immune Responses and Hemolymph Circulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insect immunology and hematopoiesis

Hillyer

2016

Developmental & Comparative Immunology

414

345

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Insects combat infection by mounting powerful immune responses that are mediated by hemocytes, the fat body, the midgut, the salivary glands and other tissues. Foreign organisms that have entered the body of an insect are recognized by the immune system when pathogen-associated molecular patterns bind host-derived pattern recognition receptors. This, in turn, activates immune signaling pathways that amplify the immune response, induce the production of factors with antimicrobial activity, and activate effector pathways. Among the immune signaling pathways are the Toll, Imd, Jak/Stat, JNK, and insulin pathways. Activation of these and other pathways leads to pathogen killing via phagocytosis, melanization, cellular encapsulation, nodulation, lysis, RNAi-mediated virus destruction, autophagy and apoptosis. This review details these and other aspects of immunity in insects, and discusses how the immune and circulatory systems have co-adapted to combat infection, how hemocyte replication and differentiation takes place (hematopoiesis), how an infection prepares an insect for a subsequent infection (immune priming), how environmental factors such as temperature and the age of the insect impact the immune response, and how social immunity protects entire groups. Finally, this review highlights some underexplored areas in the field of insect immunobiology.

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Section: Immune Responses and Hemolymph Circulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insect immunology and hematopoiesis

Hillyer

2016

Developmental & Comparative Immunology

414

345

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“…Like the previous character this is an autapomorphy of Mantophasmatodea. Circular circumoesophageal vessel ring branching off the dorsal aorta posterior to the brain: (0) absent; (1) present. Present in Diplura, Collembola, Archaeognatha and Zygentoma (Pass, 1991; Hertel & Pass, 2002; Pass et al , 2006). Probably ancestral for Hexapoda.…”

Section: Proposed Phylogenetic Charactersmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia

Wipfler‍

Machida

Müller

et al. 2011

Systematic Entomology

114

117

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External and internal head structures of adults of Galloisiana yuasai (Grylloblattodea) are described. The results are compared with conditions found in representatives of other lower neopteran lineages, notably in Austrophasma and Karoophasma (both Mantophasmatodea). Sutures and ridges of the head capsule are discussed. A new nomenclature for head muscles is presented for the entire Dicondylia (= Zygentoma + Pterygota). Galloisiana (like its sister taxon Grylloblatta) is mostly characterized by plesiomorphic features, such as the largely unspecialized orthopteroid mouthparts, the multisegmented filiform antennae, the presence of trabeculae tentorii, the absence of muscles associated with the antennal ampullae, the presence of musculus stipitalis transversalis (0mx11) and the presence of musculus tentoriofrontalis anterior (0te2). Autapomorphies of Grylloblattodea are: (i) compound eyes composed of only 60 ommatidia or less; (ii) a lacinia with a proximal tooth; (iii) a rounded submentum; (iv) loss of musculus craniohypopharyngealis (0hy3); and (v) loss of musculus labroepipharyngealis (0lb5). The phylogenetic evaluation of 104 characters of the head yields a branching pattern with Grylloblattodea as a sister group of Mantophasmatodea in clade Xenonomia. Putative synapomorphies of both taxa are: (i) a distinct angle (more than 60 • ) between the submentum and the mentum; (ii) posteriorly oriented labial palpi; (iii) a flat and lobe-like hypopharynx with a suspensorium far ventrad of the anatomical mouth opening; (iv) loss of musculus tentorioparaglossalis (0la6); and (v) a connection between the antennal ampulla and the supraoesophageal ganglion containing nuclei. Xenonomia is placed in a clade with the two dictyopteran terminals. Another monophyletic group is Embioptera + Phasmatodea. Most branches of the single tree obtained in our analysis are weakly supported. The results clearly show that more data and a much broader taxon sampling are required to clarify the phylogenetic interrelationships of the lower neopteran orders. However, our results narrow down the spectrum of possible solutions, and represent a starting point for future phylogenetic analyses, with an extensive concatenated dataset.

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“…Finally, biomechanical and functional studies with a phylogenetic background have also contributed to the understanding of the evolution of insects (e.g. Haas & Beutel, 2001; Gorb et al ., 2002; Hertel & Pass, 2002; Wootton, 2002; Wootton et al ., 2003).…”

Section: New Techniques and Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endopterygote systematics – where do we stand and what is the goal (Hexapoda, Arthropoda)?

Beutel

Pohl

2006

Systematic Entomology

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Abstract. Impressive progress has been made recently in the systematics of holometabolous insects. Nevertheless, important questions remain controversial, and uncertainties concerning the relationships of major lineages may even have increased. New analytical techniques have been developed and an immense wealth of molecular data has accumulated. Although no decisive breakthrough has yet been achieved, recent analyses of large molecular datasets have contributed greatly to the reconstruction of the phylogeny of several holometabolous lineages. Extensive combined analyses with substantial morphological datasets and molecular data comprising several genes ('total evidence') are still required for a wellfounded phylogenetic hypothesis for the entire group. Endopterygota monophyly is supported mainly by the specific and derived mode of development, which may be considered as a new evolutionary level within Hexapoda. The basal branching pattern remains controversial. A division into two large clades comprising Coleoptera (þ Strepsiptera?) þ Neuropterida, on the one hand, and Hymenoptera þ [Amphiesmenoptera þ Antliophora (including Strepsiptera?)], on the other, appears plausible. Alternative hypotheses have been proposed based on wing characters and molecular data. The position of Strepsiptera remains unsolved. Mecoptera almost certainly is not monophyletic, as Siphonaptera are probably sister to Boreidae. Immense progress has been made in the reconstruction of the intraordinal relationships of all orders, thanks to increasing studies based on combined datasets. Common efforts of morphologists and molecular systematists probably will lead to further rapid progress. Several discoveries of new higher ranking taxa during recent years have revealed that large-scale habitat destruction will not only have disastrous effects on global biodiversity, but also on the study of insect phylogeny and evolution.

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An evolutionary treatment of the morphology and physiology of circulatory organs in insects

Cited by 39 publications

References 73 publications

Insect immunology and hematopoiesis

Insect immunology and hematopoiesis

On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia

Endopterygote systematics – where do we stand and what is the goal (Hexapoda, Arthropoda)?

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