An evolving problem: Methamphetamine production and trafficking in the United States

Shukla, Rashi K.; Crump, Jordan L.; Chrisco, Emelia S.

doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2012.07.004

Cited by 61 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…While considerable variation in polydrug use has been documented (Kuramoto, Bohnert, & Latkin, 2011; Lakenau & Clatts, 2005; Monga et al, 2007; Wu et al, 2011), many studies of polydrug use among PWID have been conducted in the northeastern United States, where cocaine and white powder heroin are common (Rosenblum, Unick, & Ciccarone, 2014). Thus, less is known about polydrug use in markets dominated by methamphetamine and black tar heroin, such as those occurring in the western United States, which may have important implications for infectious disease and overdose prevention (Brouwer et al, 2006; Ciccarone, 2009; Garfein et al, 2004; Shukla, Crump, & Chrisco, 2012). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns of Drug Use, Risky Behavior, and Health Status Among Persons Who Inject Drugs Living in San Diego, California: A Latent Class Analysis

Roth

Armenta

Wagner

et al. 2014

Substance Use & Misuse

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Background Among persons who inject drugs (PWID), polydrug use (the practice of mixing multiple drugs/alcohol sequentially or simultaneously) increases risk for HIV transmission and unintentional overdose deaths. Research has shown local drug markets influence drug use practices. However, little is known about the impact of drug mixing in markets dominated by black tar heroin and methamphetamine, such as the western United States. Methods Data were collected through an ongoing longitudinal study examining drug use, risk behavior, and health status among PWID. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify patterns of substance use (heroin, methamphetamine, prescription drugs, alcohol, and marijuana) via multiple administration routes (injecting, smoking, and swallowing). Logistic regression was used to identify behaviors and health indicators associated with drug use class. Results The sample included 511 mostly white (51.5%) males (73.8%), with mean age of 43.5 years. Two distinct classes of drug users predominated: methamphetamine by multiple routes (51%) and heroin by injection (49%). In multivariable logistic regression, class membership was associated with age, race, and housing status. PWID who were HIV-seropositive and reported prior sexually transmitted infections had increased odds of belonging to the methamphetamine class. Those who were HCV positive and reported previous opioid overdose had an increased odds of being in the primarily heroin injection class (all P-values < .05). Conclusion Risk behaviors and health outcomes differed between PWID who primarily inject heroin vs. those who use methamphetamine. The findings suggest that in a region where PWID mainly use black tar heroin or methamphetamine, interventions tailored to sub-populations of PWID could improve effectiveness.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns of Drug Use, Risky Behavior, and Health Status Among Persons Who Inject Drugs Living in San Diego, California: A Latent Class Analysis

Roth

Armenta

Wagner

et al. 2014

Substance Use & Misuse

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“…Although the prevalence of illicit methamphetamine use in the U.S. declined sharply in the late 2000s following legislation limiting access to precursors, the estimated number of current users has increased since 2010, totaling 595,000 in 2013 (SAMHSA, 2014a)). Furthermore, with 144,000 Americans estimated to have tried methamphetamine for the first time in 2013 (SAMHSA, 2014a) and established supply connections to Mexican cartels (Shukla et al, 2012), the problem may continue to grow. Methamphetamine has also become more prevalent throughout Asia and the Pacific region in recent years, leading to it being ranked as the primary or secondary drug of use in 13 of the 15 countries from that region surveyed in 2012 (UNODC, 2013).…”

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confidence: 99%

Chronic methamphetamine abuse and corticostriatal deficits revealed by neuroimaging

et al. 2015

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Despite aggressive efforts to contain it, methamphetamine use disorder continues to be major public health problem; and with generic behavioral therapies still the mainstay of treatment for methamphetamine abuse, rates of attrition and relapse remain high. This review summarizes the findings of structural, molecular, and functional neuroimaging studies of methamphetamine abusers, focusing on cortical and striatal abnormalities and their potential contributions to cognitive and behavioral phenotypes that can serve to promote compulsive drug use. These studies indicate that individuals with a history of chronic methamphetamine abuse often display several signs of corticostriatal dysfunction, including abnormal gray- and white-matter integrity, monoamine neurotransmitter system deficiencies, neuroinflammation, poor neuronal integrity, and aberrant patterns of brain connectivity and function, both when engaged in cognitive tasks and at rest. More importantly, many of these neural abnormalities were found to be linked with certain addiction-related phenotypes that may influence treatment response (e.g., poor self-control, cognitive inflexibility, maladaptive decision-making), raising the possibility that they may represent novel therapeutic targets.

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“…In a study of young heroin users in Hanoi, Vietnam, Clatts and colleagues found that MSWs were significant more likely than male non-sex workers to report lifetime use of marijuana, MDMA, amphetamines, cocaine, and morphine. (26) While methamphetamine tends to be localized in the Western United States and Mexico (27) and is quite common among clients of FSWs in Tijuana,(6) a focus on other stimulant drugs such as cocaine may be necessary to reduce HIV/STI risk among particular subgroups. Among IDUs, injecting cocaine has been reported as a significant risk factor for HIV infection, due perhaps in part to the increased frequency of cocaine injection relative to other drugs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drug-Using Male Clients of Female Sex Workers Who Report Being Paid for Sex

Wagner¹,

Pitpitan²,

Chavarin³

et al. 2013

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

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Background Research has focused on male clients of female sex workers (FSWs) and their risk for HIV/STIs. Yet, it is unclear whether the commercial sex behaviors of these men are limited to paying for sex, or whether they may also be paid for sex themselves. Methods We analyzed interview data and HIV/STI test results from 170 drug-using male clients of FSWs in Tijuana, Mexico, to determine the extent to which these men report being paid for sex and the association with positive HIV/STI results. Results Over one-quarter of men reported having been paid for sex in the past four months. In a multivariate logistic regression model, reporting having been paid for sex was significantly associated with testing positive for any HIV/STI (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AdjOR] 3.53, 95% C.I. 1.33–9.35), being bisexual (AdjOR 15.59, 95% C.I. 4.81–50.53), injection drug use in the past four months (AdjOR 2.65, 95% C.I. 1.16–6.03), and cocaine use in the past four months (AdjOR 2.93, 95% C.I. 1.22–7.01). Conclusions Findings suggest that drug-using male clients of FSWs may be characterized by unique risk profiles that require tailored HIV prevention interventions.

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An evolving problem: Methamphetamine production and trafficking in the United States

Cited by 61 publications

References 9 publications

Patterns of Drug Use, Risky Behavior, and Health Status Among Persons Who Inject Drugs Living in San Diego, California: A Latent Class Analysis

Patterns of Drug Use, Risky Behavior, and Health Status Among Persons Who Inject Drugs Living in San Diego, California: A Latent Class Analysis

Chronic methamphetamine abuse and corticostriatal deficits revealed by neuroimaging

Drug-Using Male Clients of Female Sex Workers Who Report Being Paid for Sex

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