An Ex Vivo Study of Root Canal System Configuration and Morphology of 115 Maxillary First Premolars

Three-dimensional evaluation of root canal morphology of maxillary first premolars: Micro–computed tomographic study

“…This finding was higher than other studies ( Vertucci, 1984 , Zaatar et al, 1997 , Awawdeh et al, 2008 , Abella et al, 2015 , Wolf et al, 2020 ) and lower than the study of Liu et al (2019) . On other hand, the percentage of two-rooted maxillary first premolars in this study was 41 %, which showed a slightly lower percentage than studies conducted in Middle East, Europe and China ( Zaatar et al, 1997 , Kartal et al, 1998 , Awawdeh et al, 2008 , Abella et al, 2015 , Wolf et al, 2020 ). Only two teeth were found in this study with three separated roots (2 %) that is rare variant in this tooth type.…”

“…The age and gender of the patients were unavailable in the present study. In fact, most morphologic studies on human maxillary premolars did not report a significant differences to age groups ( Vertucci, 1984 , Zaatar et al, 1997 , Awawdeh et al, 2008 , Tian et al, 2012 , Elkady and Allouba, 2013 , Wolf et al, 2020 ). This variation requires more clinical study of the root and root canal anatomy.…”

“…This technology (μ-CT) is more accurate diagnostic tool compared with other radiographic techniques without the need of preparation, sectioning or destruction of the specimens ( Rhodes et al, 1999 , Peters et al, 2000 , Versiani et al, 2012 ). Few studies investigated the morphology of maxillary first premolars by means of μ-CT ( Liu et al, 2019 , Wolf et al, 2020 ) in Chinese and Swiss-German population.…”

“…The maxillary first premolars typically have two roots and 2 root canals, In addition, these teeth may have three roots and three canals which were reported to be a rare variations ( Ahmad and Alenezi, 2016 ). In fact, variations in root and root canal morphology may be attributed to a number of factors including ethnic background, gender and age of the study population, and the evaluation technique ( Carns and Skidmore, 1973 , Green, 1973 , Vertucci, 1984 , Pécora et al, 1991 , Çalişkan et al, 1995 , Zaatar et al, 1997 , Kartal et al, 1998 , Sert and Bayirli, 2004 , Awawdeh et al, 2008 , Cheng and Weng, 2008 , Weng et al, 2009 , Al-Nazhan et al, 2012 , Tian et al, 2012 , Elkady and Allouba, 2013 , Abella et al, 2015 , Dashrath et al, 2015 , Wolf et al, 2020 ).…”

Automated segmentation and description of the internal morphology of human permanent teeth by means of micro-CT

“…This allows for a highly reproducible and completely unbiased analysis. Previous studies [13,33] have analyzed teeth with a precisely de ned manual protocol which necessitated several, accurately performed manual steps, increasing the likelihood of operator error being introduced. This is avoided in the method presented here.…”