“…Herein, optimization is not only aimed at reducing waste collection and transportation costs; it also minimizes time, energy consumption, and pollution emissions (Das & Bhattacharyya, 2015;Shah et al, 2018). However, various decision variables such as waste collection rate and efficiency, waste coverage, personnel capacity, budget allocation, political interest, and social learning should be considered for more accurate optimization (Lavigne et al, 2021). For example, optimizing transportation routes depends mainly on two factors, the amount of FW to be transported and the distance from/to the treatment plant, transfer station, collection center and collection bin (Shahid & Hittinger, 2021).…”