“…Although there is substantial evidence that young people who have experienced childhood maltreatment are more likely to engage in criminal behavior, both as adolescents and as adults (Jonson-Reid, 2002;Ryan & Testa, 2005;Smith & Thornberry, 1995;Thornberry, Henry, Ireland, & Smith, 2010;Widom, 1989), it is also clear that the pathways from maltreatment to offending are complex (Lansford et al, 2007;Mersky & Reynolds, 2007;Smith, Park, Ireland, Elwyn, & Thornberry, 2013;Verrecchia, Fetzer, Lemmon, & Austin, 2010). For example, it is well established that the vast majority of young people who have experienced maltreatment do not go on to commit crime (DeGue & Widom, 2009;Widom, 1989), and a range of risk and protective factors have been shown to influence these developmental pathways (for detailed reviews see Kerig & Becker, 2015;Malvaso, Delfabbro & Day, 2016).…”