An Examination of Executive Branch Appointments in the Reagan Administration by Background and Gender

Rekruteringspatrone in die kabinette van P.W. Botha: ‘n ontleding van Biografiese Besonderhede (1978–1989)

“…en Europa met betrekking tot uitvoerende aanstellings/rekrutering is reeds onderneem, wat vergelykende navorsing mettertyd kan vergemaklik (cf. Martin 1991, Blondel 1991 …”

The budget gap : gender discrimination in the U.S. federal budget process, 1962-2011.

“…See Kathy Ferguson, The Feminist Case Against Bureaucracy (1984). funds as they are doled out, and managing the myriad offices of their department (Benjamin 2001;Rubin 1993;Martin 1991 (Szmer et al 2010). Like a candidate, a Cabinet secretary is interested in currying good favor with his or her constituencies in order to receive the rewards of political office (Shomer 2009;Fox and Oxley 2003), election to office for the candidate, and maximized budget authority for the bureaucrat.…”

“…Such descriptive representatives often have a stigma attached suggesting they have not got the qualifications of their peers (Borrelli 2002;Borrelli and Martin 1997). As an example, in the Reagan administration, most women appointed to the Cabinet came from the District of Columbia region in contrast with men, of whom slightly less than half came from the greater District of Columbia metro region (Martin 1991). This would indicate that women in the Cabinet for this administration were not drawn from the best the country had to offer, but from personal networks; women recruited for Cabinet service in this manner are quite possibly policy generalists or descriptive representatives.…”