An examination of labor unions and firm’s tax ethical behavior in the USA

Does Qualified Auditor Opinion Moderate the Relationship between Book-Tax Differences and Firm Value? Evidence from Egypt

“…We measured the total BTDs (BTDs it ) as the ratio of the difference between accounting income and taxable income to lagged total assets at the beginning of the year, where taxable income calculated as the firm's tax expenses divided by statuary tax rate in the year subtracting the change in carry-forward loss (Hanlon et al 2005;2012;Ayers et al 2009;Lei et al 2020). We divide the total BTDs into Temporary Book-Tax Differences (TBTDs it ), which will be calculated by dividing the deferred tax expense by the statuary tax rate during the year, and the Permanent Book-Tax Differences (PBTDs it ) calculated by subtracting TBTDs from total BTDs (Ayers et al 2009;Hanlon and Heitzman 2010;Moore and Xu 2018).…”