An expeditious synthesis and histo–toxicological study of 1,2,3‐triazoles catalyzed by a novel Fe₃O₄@SiO₂‐Pr‐Thiosemicarbazide‐Cu(II) as a magnetically separable catalyst

Abstract

A novel Fe3O4@SiO2‐Pr‐Thiosemicarbazide‐Cu(II) as a magnetically separable catalyst was synthesized and further confirmed by FT‐IR, TGA, XRD, FE‐SEM, EDX, ICP‐AES, TEM, VSM, and XPS analyses. The catalytic efficiency of Fe3O4@SiO2‐Pr‐Thiosemicarbazide‐Cu(II) was examined in the one‐pot environmentally friendly synthesis of 1,2,3‐triazoles by reacting terminal alkynes, alkyl halides, and sodium azide in ethanol at 55°C. The results revealed Fe3O4@SiO2‐Pr‐Thiosemicarbazide‐Cu(II) nano–sizedcatalyst is advantageous in terms of excellent activity, high stability, and easily recoverable in the synthesis of 1,2,3‐triazoles. The mechanistic study of Fe3O4@SiO2‐Pr‐Thiosemicarbazide‐Cu(II) catalyzed synthesis of 1,2,3‐triazole is also supported by DFT calculations. The significant advantages of this catalytic system are mild reaction conditions, easy work‐up procedure, magnetic separation, heterogeneity, an excellent yield of the product, and recyclability without a notable decrease of catalytic potency for six runs. Further, histotoxicological assessment of synthesized 1,2,3‐triazoles was done on the Indian major carp Labeo rohita.

A New Insight Into The Huisgen Reaction: Heterogeneous Copper Catalyzed Azide‐Alkyne Cycloaddition for the Synthesis of 1,4‐Disubstituted Triazole (From 2018–2023)

“…Yadav et al . developed a novel Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 ‐Pr‐Thiosemicarbazide‐Cu(II) as a magnetically separable catalyst [73] . FT‐IR spectroscopy identified functional groups, and XRD displayed peaks at 2θ values of 30.08°, 35.55°, 43.22°, 53.42°, 57.09°, and 62.78°, corresponding to Fe 3 O 4 lattice indices.…”

Dexterous green synthesis of Cu2O nanoparticles: An amenable catalyst for aqueous click reaction, antiproliferative, and wound healing applications

“…The aforementioned concepts open up novel possibilities for the click reaction's archetype, the copper‐catalyzed Huisgen 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of organic azides and alkynes. Azide‐alkyne cycloaddition (AAC) employs several popular Cu(I) systems, which include the CuSO 4 ‐ascorbate system, 16 Cu(I)/(II) and Cu‐coordination complex supported on ligands, 17 Cu(I)‐zeolite, 18 polymer‐supported Cu(I), 19 copper NPs, 20,21 magnetic Cu/Fe bimetallic NPs, 22 metallic copper turning, magnetic nano‐Fe 3 O 4 @‐TiO 2 /Cu 2 O, graphene/charcoal supported Cu 2 O NPs, 23 and dicopper‐substituted silicotungstate 24 . Although the aforementioned cycloaddition has been extensively investigated, the potential utilization of green synthesized copper oxide NPs in this reaction is scant, and there is still room for further research.…”