An experimental analysis of harmful algae–zooplankton interactions and the ultimate defense

Remmel, Emily J.; Kohmescher, Nicole; Larson, James H.; Hambright, K. David

doi:10.4319/lo.2011.56.2.0461

Cited by 17 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…In addition to relative N∶P effects, our results also showed a role for absolute nutrient concentrations because lower nutrients in general led to lower steady-state densities in culture and higher toxicities. Coupled with observational and behavioral study of P. parvum toxicity (Remmel et al 2011, Remmel and, these results corroborate the hypothesis that toxigenesis and toxicity in P. parvum are related to a biochemical demand for nutrients (e.g., auxotrophy) rather than physiological stress. Previous investigators have examined N∶P effects on P. parvum grown in batch or semicontinuous cultures and reached the same conclusions (e.g., Granéli 1999, Granéli andJohansson 2003b).…”

Section: Volume 33supporting

confidence: 75%

“…This view of invasive species has been adopted in discussions of Prymnesium parvum, a marine microbial mixotrophic species that is now commonly observed in inland aquatic systems across the southern USA (Baker et al 2009, Remmel et al 2011, Roelke et al 2011. The current inland distribution of P. parvum represents an extensive range expansion that has occurred over the past 3 decades and is thought to be a consequence, in part, of the alga's tolerance and success across a broad range of environmental conditions (Edvardsen and Paasche 1998) and its ability to dominate and bloom in suboptimal environmental conditions (Baker et al 2009, Roelke et al 2011).…”

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confidence: 97%

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Regulation of growth and toxicity of a mixotrophic microbe: implications for understanding range expansion in Prymnesium parvum

et al. 2014

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The rapid range expansion of the toxigenic marine haptophytic alga Prymnesium parvum in inland aquatic systems across the southern USA and beyond has prompted great interest in the ecology and evolutionary biology of this invasive bloom-forming species. Researchers have speculated that increased toxicity and heterotrophy in suboptimal environments allow blooms to develop in these new inland habitats that seem to represent extremes relative to P. parvum's perceived optimal niche. We used a laboratory-based study to elucidate the roles of salinity and nutrient availabilities in P. parvum growth and toxicity under environmental conditions representative of hypereutrophic reservoirs of the southwestern USA in which P. parvum blooms are now common. We found evidence that nutrient conditions favoring toxigenesis in P. parvum are suboptimal for growth and bloom formation, whereas conditions conducive to high growth rates are less favorable for toxigenesis. In contrast, both growth and toxicity scaled positively with salinity. Taken in the context of the documented biogeography of P. parvum and that toxigenesis in P. parvum probably evolved in support of heterotrophic nutrient acquisition, our results suggest that P. parvum's apparent range expansion into and across the USA is driven by increasing availabilities of salty and nutrient-rich systems, rather than by its toxigenic abilities.

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confidence: 97%

Regulation of growth and toxicity of a mixotrophic microbe: implications for understanding range expansion in Prymnesium parvum

et al. 2014

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“…2011). Recent study also has documented severe negative effects of Prymnesium on grazing zooplankton (Remmel et al. 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxin‐assisted micropredation: experimental evidence shows that contact micropredation rather than exotoxicity is the role of Prymnesium toxins

Remmel

Hambright

2011

Ecology Letters

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Blooms of Prymnesium parvum can severely harm fish and zooplankton, presumably through the release of allelopathic exotoxins that offer advantages for Prymnesium in its interactions with competitors and prey. We show that Prymnesium attaches to zooplankton and fish, causing mortality, whereas exposure of these organisms to Prymnesium across a permeable membrane does not cause mortality. We also show that Prymnesium exotoxins are released independently of contact toxicity only in response to experimental procedures or natural causes of stress. Our results are consistent with the idea that toxins have evolved for release during cell-to-cell contact in support of heterotrophy. The evolution of toxin-assisted micropredation would be consistent with mechanisms of natural selection favouring individual fitness as opposed to broadcast allelopathy from which the benefits are more dispersed. Research into the toxicity of Prymnesium and other harmful algal species may profit from focus on processes following physical contact with potential prey.

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“…nutrient-deficient conditions. However, recent studies hypothesize that the majority of Prymnesium toxicity is cellular-based rather than related to exotoxins production (Remmel et al 2011). Further, reduction of A. franciscana movement with exposure time, as shown in the present study at the maximum exposure concentration of P. parvum, is in accordance with the results of Remmel and Hambright (2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of marine phytoplankton toxicity by application of marine invertebrate bioassays

et al. 2014

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Summary:The dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum and the haptophyte Prymnesium parvum are well known for their toxin production and negative effects in marine coastal environments. A. minutum produces toxins which cause paralytic shellfish poisoning in humans and can affect copepods, shellfish and other marine organisms. Toxins of P. parvum are associated with massive fish mortalities resulting in negative impacts on the marine ecosystem and large economic losses in commercial aquaculture. The aim of this work is to improve our knowledge about the reliability of the use of marine invertebrate bioassays to detect microalgae toxicity, by performing: (i) a 24-to 48-h test with the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana; (ii) a 48-hour embryo-larval toxicity test with the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus; and (iii) a 72-h test with the amphipod Corophium multisetosum. The results indicate that A. franciscana and P. lividus larvae are sensitive to the toxicity of A. minutum and P. parvum. LC 50 comparison analysis between the tested organisms reveals that A. franciscana is the most sensitive organism for A. minutum. These findings suggest that the use of different organizational biological level bioassays appears to be a suitable tool for A. minutum and P. parvum toxicity assessment.Keywords: Alexandrium minutum; Prymnesium parvum; Paracentrotus lividus; Artemia franciscana; Corophium multisetosum; toxicity bioassays. Evaluación de la toxicidad de fitoplancton marino mediante la aplicación de bioensayos con invertebrados marinosResumen: Las microalgas Alexandrium minutum y Prymnesium parvum son bien conocidas por la producción de toxinas y sus efectos negativos en nuestras costas. A. minutum produce la toxina PSP (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning) que afecta a humanos y una gran variedad de organismos marinos como copépodos y marisco. Las toxinas de P. parvum producen grandes mortalidades de peces ocasionando graves impactos negativos en el ecosistema marino e importantes pérdidas económicas en acuicultura. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo mejorar el conocimiento del uso de bioensayos con invertebrados marinos en la detección de la toxicidad de microalgas, mediante: (i) un test de 24-48 horas con Artemia franciscana; (ii) un test de 48 horas con embriones y larvas del erizo de mar Paracentrotus lividus; y (iii) un test de 72 horas con el anfípodo Corophium multisetosum. Los resultados muestran que las larvas de A. franciscana y P. lividus son sensibles a la toxicidad de A. minutum y P. parvum. Los análisis LC 50 revelan que A. franciscana es el organismo más sensible a A. minutum. Estos resultados indican que los bioensayos con diferentes niveles de organización biológica parecen ser una herramienta apropiada para la evaluación de la toxicidad de A. minutum y P. parvum.

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An experimental analysis of harmful algae–zooplankton interactions and the ultimate defense

Cited by 17 publications

References 46 publications

Regulation of growth and toxicity of a mixotrophic microbe: implications for understanding range expansion in Prymnesium parvum

Regulation of growth and toxicity of a mixotrophic microbe: implications for understanding range expansion in Prymnesium parvum

Toxin‐assisted micropredation: experimental evidence shows that contact micropredation rather than exotoxicity is the role of Prymnesium toxins

Evaluation of marine phytoplankton toxicity by application of marine invertebrate bioassays

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