SummaryDespite the growth of the visual analytics (VA) field, there has been limited systematic testing and evaluation to determine the effectiveness of VA solutions for improving knowledge discovery and decision making. The VA community acknowledges the need for a more scientific foundation to guide research on and evaluation of VA tools. A practical methodology and framework will not only inform the design of VA systems but also facilitate establishment of metrics to evaluate their effectiveness. This report describes the findings of a research project with the following scientific and operational objectives in support of the VA community: (a) Enhance understanding of the role of VA in knowledge discovery and insight; (b) Identify more rigorous scientific methods to evaluate effectiveness of VA tools; and (c) Inform design of deployable VA solutions based on this theoretical foundation.U.S. Department of Homeland Security end users do not merely want more displays and tools; they need operational/deployable solutions that enhance information processing and decision making. There is also a need for user testing methodologies and metrics to assess performance effectiveness of VA tools in operationally relevant contexts. To this end, the present research examined scientific literature in cognitive science, human factors, and related fields to identify concepts and research results that inform the application of VA technologies to meet operational challenges. By updating previous taxonomies for VA approaches and applications, we hope to provide a more comprehensive framework and benchmarks for this expanding field.In this report, we provide an overview of scientific/technical literature on information visualization and VA. Topics discussed include an update and overview of the extensive literature search conducted for this study, the nature and purpose of the field, major research thrusts, and scientific foundations. We review methodologies for evaluating and measuring the impact of VA technologies as well as taxonomies that have been proposed for various purposes to support the VA community. A cognitive science perspective underlies each of these discussions.The following conclusions and recommendations are provided for advancing the VA field and for continuing and expanding this research program in cognitive foundations for VA.Recommendations for future research:• More research is needed on sensemaking/problem solving and the analytic process to help align visualization technologies and representation techniques to user's mental models and thought processes.• Research is required to advance the science and engineering practices of VA tool evaluation.• Research is needed to develop more effective means of communicating the results of analyses to stakeholders (intuitive and natural ways of conveying findings as well as providing rationale and background information supporting the decisions and recommendations).• A more directed application of cognitive theories and results of empirical research on critical decisio...