“…One of the keys to optimising hull design is to minimise resistance by optimising the hull shape (Budiyanto, Novri, Alhamid, & Ardiyansyah, 2019;Campana et al, 2018;Diez, Serani, & Campana, 2017), reducing wave making or wave resistance by using stern flaps (Song, Guo, Gong, Li, & Wang, 2018) and/or applying hydrofoils, which lift the hull above the water's surface and produce higher efficiency compared with a planing hull (Vellinga, 2009). Similar to a hydrofoil, there are interceptors, which cause vortices below the transom area and produce lift (Avci & Barlas, 2019). There is also a submerged hydrofoil that is attached below the hull transom, called a Hull Vane®.…”