An experimental investigation of modeling and verbal reinforcement in the modification of assertive behavior

Young, Elizabeth; Rimm, David C.; Kennedy, Thomas D.

doi:10.1016/0005-7967(73)90009-0

Cited by 37 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Where shyness has been discussed in the literature it has been in the context of the modification of such shyness-related behaviour as lack of assertiveness (Hersen et al 1973), anxiety about dating (Curran, 1977), and anxiety about public speaking (Kirsch et al 1975). Emphasis has been on specific anxieties or lack of skill, and not on a general disposition to be anxious or unskilled in a broad class of situations, so that, for example, improvement in assertive behaviour in one kind of situation is not necessarily expected to transfer to another kind (Young et al 1973).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Shyness as a dimension of personality

Crazier¹

1979

Br J Soc Clin Psychol

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Examination of a number of major studies of personality questionnaires reveals the existence of a shyness factor which is related to but separable from both introversion and neuroticism, and which loads on items referring to feeling uncomfortable and self-conscious, and keeping in the background in certain kinds of social situations. The fears that are generally expressed about social situations--of being negatively evaluated and of being socially inadequate--are reflected in subjects' descriptions of the causes of shyness, and these findings suggest a model of shyness in terms of individual differences in susceptibility to threat.

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confidence: 99%

Shyness as a dimension of personality

Crazier¹

1979

Br J Soc Clin Psychol

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“…The fact that assertive training produces behavioral change is well documented (Young, et al, 1973;McFall & Lillesand, 1971). This investigation provides evidence for change in the sex-role self-concept of women as a result of assertive training.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 59%

The Effect of Personal Growth and Assertive Training Classes on Female Sex-Role Self-Concept

Wheelan¹

1978

Group & Organization Studies

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This study investigated the effect of personal growth and assertive training classes on the sex-role self-concept of 116 women enrolled in personal growth classes and seventy women enrolled in assertive training. All classes met for ten weeks. During the first session, subjects were asked to supply demographic information; during the first and ninth sessions, they completed the Bem Sex-Role Inventory. A significant difference (t (69) = 3.021, p < .01) was noted from pre-to post-test for subjects in assertive training. The subjects increased their acceptance of masculine characteristics. No significant differences were noted from pre-to post-test for subjects in personal growth (t (115) = 1.79). It was concluded that personal growth and assertive training may be effective approaches. However, their impact on female sex-role self-concept is different. Choice of classes should be dependent on the needs of clients and their goals. For many years, social scientists have assumed that masculinity and femininity are bipolar aspects of a single continuum; a person's self-concept was thought to be either masculine or feminine, but not both. Recently, however, the validity of this assumption has been seriously questioned. Bem (1974) suggested that &dquo;many individuals might be androgynous; that is, they might be both masculine and feminine ... both instrumental and expressive-depending on the situational appropriateness of these various behaviors&dquo; (p. 155). She hypothesized that an androgynous self-concept would increase the range of behavioral options available to an individual, whereas a more narrowly defined, stereotypically masculine or feminine self-concept would decrease the range. Consequently, an androgynous individual would be more likely to engage in behavior that was appropriate to a situation without regard to societal definitions of that behavior as masculine or feminine.In order to test these hypotheses, Bem developed the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI), a seven-point scale on which one ranks twenty

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“…Fiedler & Beach, 1978). For example, a number of studies (e.g., Kirschner, 1976;McFall & Lillesand, 1971;Young, Rimm, & Kennedy, 1973) have found that treatment of one response class or situation did not result in improvement (generalization) in untreated response classes or situations. Furthermore, factor analytic studies of responses to self-report measures have revealed a number of discrete factors rather than a single general assertiveness factor (Bates & Zimmerman, 1971;Galassi & Galassi, 1979;Gambrill & Richey, 1975;Nevid & Rathus, 1979).…”

Section: Assertiveness-related Anxiety Effectsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Impact of situational legitimacy and assertiveness-related anxiety/discomfort on motivation and ability to generate effective criticism responses

et al. 1998

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This study compares the motivation and the quality of criticism responses of 697 undergraduates who were divided into three levels of situation legitimacy (high, moderate, and low) and two levels (top versus bottom 40 percent) of anxiety related to previous generalized assertiveness behaviours. The impact of gender was also studied. The results showed the legitimacy of the situation for a critical response (preassessed with peer hold-out groups) significantly affected participants' motivation to criticize as well as the quality of their critical responses, notwithstanding the poor quality of all criticism responses. Anxiety related to previous global assertiveness was related to high motivation but not to quality of criticism responses. There were no gender effects. Results are interpreted within an avoidance learning paradigm wherein the connotative meaning of criticism is incongruent with harmonious long-term relationships so that it is suppressed until virtually forced by the specifics of highly legitimate situations. ~TRODUCTIONAssertive behaviour has been a major focus of behaviour research and therapy. Studies examining the link between social cognition and assertive behaviour have found that high versus low assertive people differ in frequency of positive and negative self-statements (Bruch,

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An experimental investigation of modeling and verbal reinforcement in the modification of assertive behavior

Cited by 37 publications

References 7 publications

Shyness as a dimension of personality

Shyness as a dimension of personality

The Effect of Personal Growth and Assertive Training Classes on Female Sex-Role Self-Concept

Impact of situational legitimacy and assertiveness-related anxiety/discomfort on motivation and ability to generate effective criticism responses

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