An experimental method to study emissions from heated tobacco between 100-200°C

Forster, Mark; Liu, Chuan; Duke, Martin G.; McAdam, Kevin; Proctor, Christopher

doi:10.1186/s13065-015-0096-1

Cited by 54 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The lower nicotine yield can be explained by the fact that the maximum temperature achieved by the electric heat source was lower than charcoal (see online supplementary figure S–1). Similar to what was reported for heated cigarettes,71 a direct relationship between temperature of the heated tobacco and mainstream nicotine yields is likely for waterpipe tobacco, but more data are needed. Should this relationship prove robust, product standards regarding the acceptable range of power for electric waterpipe heating devices would be warranted.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Evidence of compensation among waterpipe smokers using harm reduction components

et al. 2018

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ObjectivesWe examined two waterpipe tobacco smoking components advertised to reduce harm to determine if they result in lower levels of biomarkers of acute exposure.MethodsWe conducted a crossover study of 34 experienced waterpipe smokers smoking a research-grade waterpipe in three configurations ad libitum in a controlled chamber: control (quick-light charcoal), electric (electric heating) and bubble diffuser (quick-light charcoal and bubble diffuser). We collected data on smoking topography, environmental carbon monoxide (CO), subjective effects, heart rate, plasma nicotine and exhaled CO and benzene.ResultsSmokers’ mean plasma nicotine, heart rate, and exhaled benzene and CO boost were all significantly lower for electric compared with control. However, smokers puffed more intensely and took significantly more and larger volume puffs for a larger total puffing volume (2.0 times larger, p<0.0001) when smoking electric; machine yields indicate this was likely due to lower mainstream nicotine. Smokers rated electric smoking experience less satisfying and less pleasant. For charcoal heating, the mean mass of CO emitted into the chamber was ~1 g when participants smoked for a mean of 32 minutes at a typical residential ventilation rate (2.3 hr−1).ConclusionWaterpipe smokers engaged in compensation (i.e., increased and more intense puffing) to make up for decreased mainstream nicotine delivery from the same tobacco heated two ways. Waterpipe components can affect human puffing behaviours, exposures and subjective effects. Evidence reported here supports regulation of waterpipe components, smoking bans in multifamily housing and the use of human studies to evaluate modified or reduced risk claims.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Evidence of compensation among waterpipe smokers using harm reduction components

et al. 2018

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“…Although the core operating temperature of THS 2.1 is slightly above the temperature range characterized by Foster et al 21 for TSNAs, the circular temperature distribution profile in the tobacco plug of THS 2.1, with temperatures decreasing rapidly from the inner core of the tobacco plug to well below 100°C on the outer surface, contributes significantly to the reduced release and direct transfer of TSNAs into the aerosol of THS 2.1 compared to CC. In addition, the amount of tobacco contained in THS is significantly less than in CC which adds to the reduced amount of TNSAs released with THS 2.1.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…A recent study by Forster et al 21 demonstrated that the evaporative transfer of NNK present in cured tobacco to the mainstream aerosol occurs at low temperatures but to the most extend above 120°C to 140°C, although no clear linearity could be shown. Furthermore, the authors showed that the percentage of TSNAs released from the tobacco into the aerosol at the temperatures assessed in this study (100°C to 200°C) was very low (<10%) compared to the available amounts in the used tobacco rod.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduced Exposure to Harmful and Potentially Harmful Smoke Constituents With the Tobacco Heating System 2.1

Lüdicke

Baker

Magnette

et al. 2016

NICTOB

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Introduction:Heating rather than burning tobacco reduces levels of harmful and potentially harmful constituents, and consumer products using this approach aim to reduce exposure to tobacco toxicants. The Tobacco Heating System (THS) version 2.1 has been enhanced from earlier prototypes with an improved heat control and sensorial experience and thereby user acceptance. Exposure measurements are required to determine whether it may be possible to reduce the individual health risk compared to smoking combustible cigarettes (CCs).Methods:This controlled clinical study randomly assigned 40 smokers to either a group continuing to use of their own CC brand (n = 20) or a group switching to THS 2.1 (n = 20) for 5 days. Biomarkers of exposure were measured at baseline and on day 1 through day 5. Product consumption, Human Puffing Topography, the occurrence of adverse events, and an assessment of subjective effects, such as smoking satisfaction and enjoyment of respiratory tract sensations, were also determined.Results:The group of smokers who switched to THS 2.1 adapted their puffing behavior initially through longer puff duration and more puffs. During the duration of the study, total puff volume returned to baseline levels and the mean daily product consumption increased but with similar nicotine exposure compared to baseline CC use. Biomarkers of exposure to tobacco smoke toxicants which inform product risk assessment were significantly reduced with THS use compared to the CC group. THS 2.1 users experienced less reinforcing effects with THS 2.1 than with their own cigarette brand.Conclusions:THS 2.1 is a promising alternative to smoking CCs. Notwithstanding possible use adaption through consumption or puffing behavior, the exposure to harmful smoke constituents was markedly reduced with the new heated tobacco platform.Implications:Exposure markers to harmful and potentially harmful smoke constituents were lowered with the THS 2.1. Heating tobacco instead of burning can offer a potentially lower risk of delivering nicotine compared to CCs.

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“…Public Health England recently reported that e-cigarettes were likely to be 95% less harmful than tobacco products and could be a means for smokers to quit or reduce their consumption of cigarettes. (Forster et al., 2015 ; Nutt et al., 2014 ; Public Health England, 2015 ; West et al., 2015 ). The evidence was based on the composition and quantities of constituents found in e-cigarette aerosols and the relative risk associated with the main components.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electronic cigarette aerosol induces significantly less cytotoxicity than tobacco smoke

Azzopardi

Patel

Jaunky

et al. 2016

Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods

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Electronic cigarettes (E-cigarettes) are a potential means of addressing the harm to public health caused by tobacco smoking by offering smokers a less harmful means of receiving nicotine. As e-cigarettes are a relatively new phenomenon, there are limited scientific data on the longer-term health effects of their use. This study describes a robust in vitro method for assessing the cytotoxic response of e-cigarette aerosols that can be effectively compared with conventional cigarette smoke. This was measured using the regulatory accepted Neutral Red Uptake assay modified for air–liquid interface (ALI) exposures. An exposure system, comprising a smoking machine, traditionally used for in vitro tobacco smoke exposure assessments, was adapted for use with e-cigarettes to expose human lung epithelial cells at the ALI. Dosimetric analysis methods using real-time quartz crystal microbalances for mass, and post-exposure chemical analysis for nicotine, were employed to detect/distinguish aerosol dilutions from a reference Kentucky 3R4F cigarette and two commercially available e-cigarettes (Vype eStick and ePen). ePen aerosol induced 97%, 94% and 70% less cytotoxicity than 3R4F cigarette smoke based on matched EC50 values at different dilutions (1:5 vs. 1:153 vol:vol), mass (52.1 vs. 3.1 μg/cm2) and nicotine (0.89 vs. 0.27 μg/cm2), respectively. Test doses where cigarette smoke and e-cigarette aerosol cytotoxicity were observed are comparable with calculated daily doses in consumers. Such experiments could form the basis of a larger package of work including chemical analyses, in vitro toxicology tests and clinical studies, to help assess the safety of current and next generation nicotine and tobacco products.

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An experimental method to study emissions from heated tobacco between 100-200°C

Cited by 54 publications

References 37 publications

Evidence of compensation among waterpipe smokers using harm reduction components

Evidence of compensation among waterpipe smokers using harm reduction components

Reduced Exposure to Harmful and Potentially Harmful Smoke Constituents With the Tobacco Heating System 2.1

Electronic cigarette aerosol induces significantly less cytotoxicity than tobacco smoke

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