An experimental methodology to quantify the spray cooling event at intermittent spray impact

Investigation of spray cooling schemes for dynamic thermal management

“…Moreira et al [31] in their research on intermittent spray cooling observed that for some short pulse durations of 5 milliseconds and low frequencies of injection the cooling efficiency increased at the CHF condition. The lag time between successive injections decreases with the increase in frequency of injection, thus increasing the interaction of each injection with the next enhancing the heat transfer at the nucleate regime.…”

Numerical Prediction of the Intracellular ICE Formation Zone during Cryosurgery on a Nodular Basal Cell Carcinoma Using Liquid Nitrogen Spray

“…This was later confirmed also by Franco et al [163] in terms of the uniformity in the protection these sprays could provide when used in conjunction with laser irradiation. Nevertheless, the reader must not forget that non-uniformities in the heat transfer coefficient over the entire spray area exist and depend on the following parameters: geometric parameters such as nozzle diameter-length [164], nozzle-to-skin distance [165] and nozzle angle [162], cryogen spurt duration [166][167][168][169][170][171][172][173], ambient pressure [174][175][176], humidity and frost formation effects [177][178][179][180], skin indentation effects [181,182], and the dynamics of cryogen spray deposition, such as cryogenic spray shape, the droplet velocity and diameter [183]. 3.…”

Heat transfer correlation for intermittent spray impingement: A dynamic approach

“…This has the advantage of considering the effect of multiple drop impacts in the heat transfer correlation. The Nusselt number in the phase-average analysis is given by Nu ¼ h w;bin D d =k with h w;bin ¼ _ q 00 wbin ðT w À T f Þ, where T f is the fluid temperature and _ q 00 wbin corresponds to the time-average wall heat flux calculated by the integration of its instantaneous value obtained in equation (15) from the surface temperature measurements. Laplace 'La' and the Capillary 'Ca' numbers.…”

“…In cases where the heat flux removal is transient, such as in intermittent spray cooling, the interaction between the impinging spray and the heat removal is affected by the spray dynamic behavior along each injection cycle, and by the interaction between consecutive injections. Therefore, it is also worth questioning about the role of the spray dynamics in governing heat transfer phenomena, which requires simultaneous measurements of the spray characteristics and the heat transferred in the cooling process [15].…”