An experimental setup for nondestructive deposition of size-selected clusters

Klingeler, R.; Bechthold, P. S.; Neeb, M.; Eberhardt, W.

doi:10.1063/1.1455135

Cited by 17 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The tendency to form large single clusters rather than distributions of smaller even-numbered ones-as observed in time-of-flight-mass spectra experiments 19,20 -could be related to the cluster density which is always superior to 1 per 10 6 Å 3 in our simulations, a value much larger than the experimental one of 1 per 10 8 Å 3 estimated by Yeretzian et al 21 Experimental evidence for the formation of large fullerene clusters can be found elsewhere. [21][22][23] It should be noted that our strong topological dependence on density rather than temperature does not agree with the results of Yamaguchi et al who used a tight binding molecular dynamics ͑TBMD͒ scheme and found a strong temperature influence on the topologies, but little influence of the density: for similar starting configurations at 1000 K, they obtained a density-independent mixture of sp and sp 2 structures consisting mainly of flat graphitic "flakes" connected by carbon chains.…”

Section: B Influence Of Temperature and Density On The Topology Of Tcontrasting

confidence: 49%

Theoretical study of the nucleation/growth process of carbon clusters under pressure

Pineau

Soulard

Los

et al. 2008

The Journal of Chemical Physics

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We used molecular dynamics and the empirical potential for carbon LCBOPII to simulate the nucleation/growth process of carbon clusters both in vacuum and under pressure. In vacuum, our results show that the growth process is homogeneous and yields mainly sp 2 structures such as fullerenes. We used an argon gas and Lennard-Jones potentials to mimic the high pressures and temperatures reached during the detonation of carbon-rich explosives. We found that these extreme thermodynamic conditions do not affect substantially the topologies of the clusters formed in the process. However, our estimation of the growth rates under pressure are in much better agreement with the values estimated experimentally than our vacuum simulations. The formation of sp 3 carbon was negligible both in vacuum and under pressure which suggests that larger simulation times and cluster sizes are needed to allow the nucleation of nanodiamonds.

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Section: B Influence Of Temperature and Density On The Topology Of Tcontrasting

confidence: 49%

Theoretical study of the nucleation/growth process of carbon clusters under pressure

Pineau

Soulard

Los

et al. 2008

The Journal of Chemical Physics

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“…The most prevalent continuous ionization sources used for ion soft landing include electron impact ionization (EI) (Pradeep et al, ; Biesecker et al, ; Wijesundara et al, ; Bottcher et al, ), electrospray ionization (ESI) (Feng et al, ; Ouyang et al, ; Alvarez et al, ; Volny & Turecek, ; Mazzei et al, ; Hamann et al, ; Hauptmann et al, ), direct current (DC) or radiofrequency (RF) magnetron sputtering combined with gas aggregation (Haberland et al, , , ; Barnes et al, ; Pratontep et al, ; Tanemura et al, ; Lim et al, ; Duffe et al, ; Watanabe & Isomura, ; Gracia‐Pinilla et al, ; Nielsen et al, ; Wepasnick et al, ; Hartmann et al, ; Ludwig & Moore, ; Yin et al, ), high energy ion sputtering (Lapack et al, ; Harbich et al, ; Dong et al, ; Bromann et al, ; Fedrigo et al, ; Schaffner et al, ; O'Shea et al, ; Yamaguchi et al, ; Lau et al, ), and gas condensation/aggregation (GC) (Patil et al, ; Goldby et al, ; Yoon et al, ; Baker et al, ). Soft landing has also been accomplished using various pulsed ionization methods including matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) (Rader et al, ), laser ablation/vaporization (Honea et al, ; Messerli et al, ; Pauwels et al, ; Klingeler et al, ; Heiz & Bullock, ; Melinon et al, ; Kemper et al, ; Mitsui et al, ; Winans et al, ; Cattaneo et al, ; Kaden et al, ; Davila et al, ; Tournus et al, ; Wepasnick et al, ; Woodward et al, ), the pulsed arc cluster ion source (PACIS) (Siekmann et al, ; Kaiser et al, …”

Section: Overview Of Instrumentation For Soft Landing Of Ionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pulsed laser induced ionization, via both vaporization and desorption processes, has been coupled with mass analyzers for soft landing of mass‐selected ions. For example, laser vaporization sources (Dietz et al, ; Laaksonen et al, ; Russo et al, ; Duncan, ) have been coupled with quadrupole filters (Honea et al, ; Messerli et al, ; Nagaoka et al, ; Vučković, et al, ; Woodward et al, ), TOF analyzers (Gao et al, ), magnetic sector analyzers (Klingeler et al, ), and ion mobility spectrometers (Davila et al, ) to synthesize and select a variety of bare ionic clusters and charged nanoparticles for soft landing onto surfaces.…”

Section: Overview Of Instrumentation For Soft Landing Of Ionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soft‐ and reactive landing of ions onto surfaces: Concepts and applications

Johnson

Gunaratne

Laskin

2015

Mass Spectrometry Reviews

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Soft‐ and reactive landing of mass‐selected ions is gaining attention as a promising approach for the precisely‐controlled preparation of materials on surfaces that are not amenable to deposition using conventional methods. A broad range of ionization sources and mass filters are available that make ion soft‐landing a versatile tool for surface modification using beams of hyperthermal (<100 eV) ions. The ability to select the mass‐to‐charge ratio of the ion, its kinetic energy and charge state, along with precise control of the size, shape, and position of the ion beam on the deposition target distinguishes ion soft landing from other surface modification techniques. Soft‐ and reactive landing have been used to prepare interfaces for practical applications as well as precisely‐defined model surfaces for fundamental investigations in chemistry, physics, and materials science. For instance, soft‐ and reactive landing have been applied to study the surface chemistry of ions isolated in the gas‐phase, prepare arrays of proteins for high‐throughput biological screening, produce novel carbon‐based and polymer materials, enrich the secondary structure of peptides and the chirality of organic molecules, immobilize electrochemically‐active proteins and organometallics on electrodes, create thin films of complex molecules, and immobilize catalytically active organometallics as well as ligated metal clusters. In addition, soft landing has enabled investigation of the size‐dependent behavior of bare metal clusters in the critical subnanometer size regime where chemical and physical properties do not scale predictably with size. The morphology, aggregation, and immobilization of larger bare metal nanoparticles, which are directly relevant to the design of catalysts as well as improved memory and electronic devices, have also been studied using ion soft landing. This review article begins in section 1 with a brief introduction to the existing applications of ion soft‐ and reactive landing. Section 2 provides an overview of the ionization sources and mass filters that have been used to date for soft landing of mass‐selected ions. A discussion of the competing processes that occur during ion deposition as well as the types of ions and surfaces that have been investigated follows in section 3. Section 4 discusses the physical phenomena that occur during and after ion soft landing, including retention and reduction of ionic charge along with factors that impact the efficiency of ion deposition. The influence of soft landing on the secondary structure and biological activity of complex ions is addressed in section 5. Lastly, an overview of the structure and mobility as well as the catalytic, optical, magnetic, and redox properties of bare ionic clusters and nanoparticles deposited onto surfaces is presented in section 6. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 35:439–479, 2016.

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“…Different types of cluster sources [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] have been developed by several groups in the past. Most of the cluster sources exploit thermal evaporation, laser ablation, ion beam sputtering, magnetron sputtering, or discharges to evaporate the material for cluster production.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrahigh vacuum cluster deposition source for spectroscopy with synchrotron radiation

Lau

Achleitner

Ehrke

et al. 2005

Review of Scientific Instruments

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A versatile cluster source has been developed for the deposition and investigation of mass selected metal clusters on single crystal substrates under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. The cluster deposition experiment is designed for spectroscopy with synchrotron radiation to probe the properties of mass selected clusters in x-ray absorption, x-ray magnetic circular dichroism, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The experimental setup consists of three stages, and is based on a sputter source for cluster production, a magnetic dipole field for mass selection, and an ultrahigh vacuum chamber for cluster deposition. With this cluster source, metal clusters of up to 40 atoms per cluster can be produced, mass separated and deposited onto a substrate. In this size range, cluster current densities of 20pAmm−2–10nAmm−2 have been determined experimentally, depending on cluster material and size. For substrate preparation, the experimental chamber is fully equipped with standard surface science tools. Cluster yields are presented for a variety of sputter targets. The capability to produce truly size-selected clusters is demonstrated with mass spectra.

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An experimental setup for nondestructive deposition of size-selected clusters

Cited by 17 publications

References 36 publications

Theoretical study of the nucleation/growth process of carbon clusters under pressure

Theoretical study of the nucleation/growth process of carbon clusters under pressure

Soft‐ and reactive landing of ions onto surfaces: Concepts and applications

Ultrahigh vacuum cluster deposition source for spectroscopy with synchrotron radiation

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