An experimental study of adolescent sleep restriction during a simulated school week: changes in phase, sleep staging, performance and sleepiness

Agostini, Alex; Carskadon, Mary A.; Dorrian, Jillian; Coussens, Scott; Short, Michelle A.

doi:10.1111/jsr.12473

Cited by 56 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The ability to stay awake late into the evening and late into to the biological night likely contributes to greater light exposure opportunity at the most sensitive circadian time for phase delay shifts according to our PRCs (see Figures 4 and 5). The intensity of the light exposure around bedtime in the home environment is not as bright as the light tested in the current study; however, studies in adolescents (Agostini et al, 2017) and adults (Burgess and Eastman, 2004; Zeitzer et al, 2005) suggest that indoor room light in the evening can phase delay the circadian system.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 55%

Human Adolescent Phase Response Curves to Bright White Light

Crowley

Eastman

2017

J Biol Rhythms

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Older adolescents are particularly vulnerable to circadian misalignment and sleep restriction, primarily due to early school start times. Light can shift the circadian system and could help attenuate circadian misalignment; however, a phase response curve (PRC) to determine the optimal time for receiving light and avoiding light is not available for adolescents. We constructed light PRCs for late- to post-pubertal adolescents aged 14 to 17 years. Participants completed two counterbalanced 5-day laboratory sessions after 8 or 9 days of scheduled sleep at home. Each session included phase assessments to measure the dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) before and after 3 days of free-running through an ultradian light-dark (wake-sleep) cycle (2 h dim (~20 lux) light, 2 h dark). In one session, intermittent bright white light (~5000 lux; four 20-min exposures) alternated with 10 min dim room light once per day for 3 consecutive days. The time of light varied among participants to cover the 24-h day. For each individual, the phase shift to bright light was corrected for the free-run derived from the other laboratory session with no bright light. One PRC showed phase shifts in response to light start time relative to the DLMO, and another relative to home sleep. Phase delay shifts occurred around the hours corresponding to home bedtime. Phase advances occurred during the hours surrounding wake time and later in the afternoon. The transition from delays to advances occurred at the midpoint of home sleep. The adolescent PRCs presented here provide a valuable tool to time bright light in adolescents.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 55%

Human Adolescent Phase Response Curves to Bright White Light

Crowley

Eastman

2017

J Biol Rhythms

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“…Everything is a pretext for avoiding sleep: homework, telephone calls with friends, television, social networking, and video game. These distractions deregulate biological rhythms and a quasi-permanent deficit of sleep [4]. In France, 50% of teens complain of difficulty initiating sleep and insomnia [5].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insomnia and self-destructiveness in adolescence: A French psychoanalytic perspective

Kernier¹,

Abe²,

Camart³

et al. 2017

Neuropsychiatry

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Sleep disorders are the focus of numerous physiological, psychological and psychiatric studies, most of which are based on cognitive, behavioral and developmental models. The psychoanalytic model is not often used in contemporary research, in spite of the fact that dreams are central in psychoanalysis. This article aims to heighten awareness to the relevance of psychoanalytic perspectives in the research on sleep disorders. Indeed, the complexity of sleep disorders calls for a confrontation between different health disciplines and specialties. Adolescence is a particularly sensitive period and complaints of sleep disturbance frequent. Even though physical, hormonal and behavioral changes have an undeniable impact on sleep, we underscore the importance of exploring the intrapsychic conflicts characteristic of this period. The resurgence of sexual and aggressive impulses must to be worked through in order to fully understand the underpinnings of disturbed sleep. Based on research we are conducting at present, we first focus on the regression that takes place during sleep, with its corollary, passivity. We find that adolescents prone to sleep disturbances resist the passive position that comes with regression. We then show how this resistance to passivity is linked to a difficulty in expressing internalized aggressiveness and how the excessive retention and repression of these affects can transform them into destructiveness and self-destructive behavior. Sleep has a constructive and organizing function that is essential to dreaming, and dreaming is a container for the symbolization of sexual and aggressive fantasies. Sleep disorders hinder this symbolization and thus, the processing of intrapsychic conflicts. Working through these conflicts is however necessary, as otherwise they re-emerge and disturb sleep. This vicious cycle amplifies the self-destructive impact of sleep disorders. Lastly, we underscore the fear of death that is linked to sleep disorders and the unconscious associations between death and sleep.

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“…During scheduled wakefulness, subjective sleepiness was assessed every 45 min with the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS, (51)), a scale frequently used in teenagers to measure the sleepiness response to sleep-wake manipulations such as total (52) or partial sleep deprivation (53)(54)(55). Volunteers rated their sleepiness within the past 10 min using a 9 point verbally anchored scale from 1 (extremely alert) to 9 (extremely sleepy, fighting sleep).…”

Section: Subjective Sleepiness and Sleep Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Wide awake at bedtime? The effects of caffeine on sleep and circadian timing in teenagers - a randomized crossover trial

Reichert

Veitz

Bühler

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Adolescents frequently consume caffeine with unknown consequences on sleep and circadian rhythms. In adults, the evidence indicates that caffeine acutely reduces homeostatic sleep pressure and delays the circadian timing system.Objective: Here, we investigated the acute effects of caffeine intake on the developing sleep-wake regulatory system of teenagers.Design: In a double-blind randomized crossover laboratory study, 18 teenagers (16.1 ± 1 years old, pubertal development scale [PDS]: 2.76 ± 0.35) ingested 80 mg caffeine (vs placebo) four hours prior to bedtime. Until bedtime, participants regularly filled in the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale and gave saliva samples to measure melatonin secretion. During nighttime, we quantified homeostatic sleep need by the electroencephalographically derived amount of slow wave sleep duration (SWS). After sleep, participants rated sleep quality by the Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire.Results: While participants felt less sleepy after caffeine vs. placebo (P=0.038), their ratings of sleep quality were not strongly affected by the treatment. However, objectively, SWS was on average reduced by ~20 min after caffeine vs. placebo (P=0.026). This caffeine-induced reduction was more pronounced in those individuals with more SWS under placebo (regression: P=0.042; standardized beta=0.622, P=0.011), even if controlling for habitual caffeine intake or pubertal stage (PDS). In melatonin onsets we observed both delays and advances in response to caffeine. This variance could partly be explained by differences in relative dose (i.e., mg caffeine/kg of bodyweight): the higher the relative dose, the more likely were delays (regression: P=0.01; standardized beta=0.592, P=0.01).Conclusions: In teenagers, evening caffeine intake of already 80 mg (i.e. ~8fl oz of common energy drinks) is sufficient to promote alertness at the costs of subsequent sleep. These costs might be more pronounced in adolescents with a higher need for SWS. Moreover, caffeine might disturb the circadian timing system, consequently hampering the balanced interplay of sleep-wake regulatory components.

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An experimental study of adolescent sleep restriction during a simulated school week: changes in phase, sleep staging, performance and sleepiness

Cited by 56 publications

References 30 publications

Human Adolescent Phase Response Curves to Bright White Light

Human Adolescent Phase Response Curves to Bright White Light

Insomnia and self-destructiveness in adolescence: A French psychoanalytic perspective

Wide awake at bedtime? The effects of caffeine on sleep and circadian timing in teenagers - a randomized crossover trial

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