An experimental study of the role of vulnerability related perceptions in spider fear: Comparing an imaginal and in vivo encounter

Cognitive vulnerability and dental fear

“…Clinicians need to be aware not only of their patients' level of anxiety and fear but also of their perceptions of uncontrollability, unpredictability, dangerousness and disgustingness in the dental environment. While there has been no work yet conducted with dental fear, experimental studies of other specific fears indicate that altering a person's perception of control, predictability and safety can significantly affect their level of fear [ 29 , 30 ]. It would be important in relation to dental fear to test these associations, and determine the direction of causality, using a more appropriate longitudinal or experimental design in the future.…”

“…High correlations have been found between fear of a number of different animals and perceptions of those animals as uncontrollable, unpredictable, dangerous and disgusting [ 27 , 28 ]. Also, experimental manipulation of perceptions of spiders as uncontrollable, unpredictable and dangerous has been found to have a significant effect on fear of encountering a spider [ 29 , 30 ]. However, the Cognitive Vulnerability Model has not yet been investigated in relation to dental fear.…”

The progress cascading model: A scalable model for teaching and mentoring graduate trainees in exposure therapy

“…Structured, collaborative, and high feedback environments in both individual and group supervision have been consistently related to patient satisfaction and therapeutic alliance (Freitas, 2002;Hilsenroth et al, 2002;Linton, 2003;Riva & Cornish, 1995, 2008. This relationship is especially true for live supervision (where a supervisor watches in real time and interjects as needed), which while perceived as more disruptive and incongruent by patients, leads to higher levels of therapeutic alliance among trainee therapists and patients than the traditional taped or remote supervision (Freitas, 2002, Bennett-Levy, McManus, Westling & Fennell, 2009.…”

“…Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy with Exposure and Response Prevention (CBT-ERP) is the most-empirically supported psychotherapeutic treatment for pediatric and adult OCD (e.g., & Deacon, 2013) or delivered in a less intense format for the patient (e.g., taking breaks between exposures; Deacon, Lickel, Farrell, Kemp, & Hipol, 2013b) or for the therapist (e.g., assigning exposures for homework rather than in-session; Hipol & Deacon, 2013). These deviations in delivery can be detrimental to treatment outcome (Abramowitz, Franklin, & Foa, 2002;Armfield, 2008).…”

Understanding animal fears: a comparison of the cognitive vulnerability and harm-looming models

“…They also found that the vulnerability-related perceptions accounted for a significant amount of the variance in spider fears beyond that accounted for by a number of classical conditioning, vicarious, and informational learning events. Additionally, experimental studies manipulating perceptions of the uncontrollability, unpredictability and dangerousness of spiders were found to effect self-rated spider fear [ 16 , 17 ]. Support for the relationship between fear and the vulnerability variables also comes from a series of studies by Riskind and colleagues [ 18 - 20 ].…”