An experimental study of the behaviour of several elements in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry using the single-bore high-pressure pneumatic nebulizer

Preliminary characterization and fundamental properties of aerosols generated by a flow focusing pneumatic nebulizer

“…In order to eliminate, or at least to reduce, these important problems a significant amount of research has been performed during past several years, and as a result of it new nebulizers have been suggested. Among them we may cite the direct injection nebulizer (DIN), [1][2][3][4] the high efficiency nebulizer (HEN), [5][6][7][8] the direct injection high efficiency nebulizer (DIHEN), [9][10][11][12] the microconcentric nebulizer (MCN), 13 hydraulic high pressure pneumatic nebulizers (HHPN), [14][15][16] the single-bore high-pressure pneumatic nebulizer (SBHPPN), [17][18][19] the oscillating capillary nebulizer (OCN), 20,21 and the sonic-spray nebulizer (SSN). 22 For plasma-based analytical techniques, the ideal aerosol should consist of small monodisperse droplets with uniform velocity, since deviations from these characteristics cause precision, sensitivity and, finally, limit of detection values to suffer.…”

Determination of metals in lubricating oils by flame atomic absorption spectrometry using a single-bore high-pressure pneumatic nebulizer

“…The design of the SBHPPN has been described previously. [39][40][41][42][43][44] A glass nozzle of 6.6 3 10 23 mm 2 outlet section area was used. The solution was fed into the nebulizer by means of an HPLC pump (Model Iso-Chrom, Spectra-Physics, San Jose, CA, USA) equipped with a pulse damper (a 150 cm long stainless-steel capillary, 0.50 mm id and 1.59 mm od) placed at the outlet of the pump.…”

Development and characterization of a Flow Focusing multi nebulization system for sample introduction in ICP-based spectrometric techniques

“…In order to reduce these problems, new nebulizers were developed and commercialized in the past decades. Among them, the high efficiency nebulizer (HEN), [1][2][3] the microconcentric nebulizer (MCN), 4 the hydraulic high pressure pneumatic nebulizer (HHPN), 5,6 the single-bore high-pressure pneumatic nebulizer (SBHPPN), [7][8][9] the oscillating capillary nebulizer (OCN), 10 the sonic-spray nebulizer (SSN), 11 the direct injection nebulizer (DIN), 12,13 and the direct injection high efficiency nebulizer (DIHEN), 14,15 can be cited. However, all these nebulizers still show some limitations.…”