An experimental study of the effect of off‐fault damage on the velocity of a slip pulse

Biegel, Ronald L.; Sammis, Charles G.; Rosakis, Ares J.

doi:10.1029/2007jb005234

Cited by 24 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…By reducing the shear-wave speed c S , the effect on rupture velocity is to lower the limiting Rayleigh speed, which is 0.92 c S for Mode II ruptures. However, BIEGEL et al (2008) found that damage reduced the rupture velocity below that expected, based solely on the lower shear-wave speed. They ascribed this additional reduction to a further dynamic reduction in modulus and to anelastic losses associated with frictional slip on the myriad of small off-fault fractures that comprise the damage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Note that propagation is symmetric and both rupture tips accelerate to the limiting (Rayleigh) rupture velocity c R = 0.92c S for mode II propagation and then transition to supershear velocities approaching the P-wave speed (note, c P /c S = 2.1 for Homalite). BIEGEL et al (2008) introduced fracture damage into Homalite plates by using a razor knife to score a mesh of scratches on both sides of the plate spaced about 2 mm apart and oriented at ?/-45°to the loading axis, followed by immersion in liquid nitrogen for 45 seconds. The thermal shock produced a network of fractures with a mean spacing of about 1 cm as shown in Figure 5.…”

Section: Experimental Apparatusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, the slip-weakening distance can be estimated using Eq. (13) in RSP, where we take (s p -s r ) = r n (0.6 -0.28) BIEGEL et al (2008) tested the prediction that the interaction between the crack tip stress field and the damage extends to a distance of about R Ã o . They fabricated a set of samples with a damage band of half width w surrounding the fault plane ( Figure 17, left panel) and another set that was totally damaged except for a band of undamaged Homalite of half width w (Fig.…”

Section: Scaling Laboratory Studies To Natural Fault Zonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The focus of this paper is on how fault zone structure affects earthquake rupture propagation, with special emphasis on a series of recent laboratory measurements of rupture velocity on faults in damaged photoelastic plates by BIEGEL et al (2008BIEGEL et al ( , 2009 and BHAT et al (2009). BIEGEL et al (2008 observed a reduction in rupture velocity caused by a symmetric distribution of damage about a premachined fault, and measured the spatial extent of the interaction between the rupture tip and the off-fault damage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Off-fault Damage on Earthquake Rupture Propagation: Experimental Studies

Sammis

Rosakis²,

Bhat

2009

Pure appl. geophys.

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We review the results of a recent series of papers in which the interaction between a dynamic mode II fracture on a fault plane and off-fault damage has been studied using high-speed photography. In these experiments, fracture damage was created in photoelastic Homalite plates by thermal shock in liquid nitrogen and rupture velocities were measured by imaging fringes at the tips. In this paper we review these experiments and discuss how they might be scaled from lab to field using a recent theoretical model for dynamic rupture propagation. Three experimental configurations were investigated: An interface between two damaged Homalite plates, an interface between damaged and undamaged Homalite plates, and the interface between damaged Homalite and undamaged polycarbonate plates. In each case, the velocity was compared with that on a fault between the equivalent undamaged plates at the same load. Ruptures on the interface between two damaged Homalite plates travel at sub-Rayleigh velocities indicating that sliding on off-fault fractures dissipates energy, even though no new damage is created. Propagation on the interface between damaged and undamaged Homalite is asymmetric. Ruptures propagating in the direction for which the compressional lobe of their cracktip stress field is in the damage (which we term the 'C' direction) are unaffected by the damage. In the opposite 'T' direction, the rupture velocity is significantly slower than the velocity in undamaged plates at the same load. Specifically, transitions to supershear observed using undamaged plates are not observed in the 'T' direction. Propagation on the interface between damaged Homalite and undamaged polycarbonate exhibits the same asymmetry, even though the elastically ''favored'' '?' direction coincides with the 'T' direction in this case. The scaling properties of the interaction between the crack-tip field and pre-existing off-fault damage (i.e., no new damage is created) are explored using an analytic model for a nonsingular slip-weakening shear slip-pulse and verified using the velocity history of a slip pulse measured in the laboratory and a direct laboratory measurement of the interaction range using damage zones of various widths adjacent to the fault.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Experimental Apparatusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Scaling Laboratory Studies To Natural Fault Zonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Effects of Off-fault Damage on Earthquake Rupture Propagation: Experimental Studies

Sammis

Rosakis²,

Bhat

2009

Pure appl. geophys.

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“…66AI7olrze Figure 3 shows a damaged sample from the study by Biegel et al (2008), in which we demonstrated that off-fault damage significantly reduces the rupture speed. The fracture damage was produced by scoring a grid onto both sides of the homalite sample with a razor knife and then dipping the sample into liquid nitrogen.…”

Section: Fiur 2 Eprienalcnfguatonsownguniffa Lodn Frm2nulaincrutmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Experimental Study of S Wave Generation by Fracture Damage in Underground Nuclear Explosions

Sammis¹,

Biegel²,

Rosakis³

2008

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Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searchng eisting data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and conpleting and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information. including suggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. REPORT DATE (DD-MM ABSTRACTHigh-speed digital photography was used to observe the generation of S waves by explosions in fracture-damaged photoelastic Homalite plates. We found that either a preferred orientation of the pre-existing fractures or an anisotropic initial stress field produced significant S wave radiation in the far field. These experimental observations support theoretical predictions by Johnson and Sammis (2001). SUBJECT TERMS

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Off-fault long-term damage: A condition to account for generic, triangular earthquake slip profiles

Cappa

Perrin

Manighetti

et al. 2014

Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst.

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Natural earthquake slip profiles have a generic triangular shape which the available rupture dynamics models fail to reproduce. Long-term faults are embedded in long-damaged crustal material, and the properties of the long-term damage vary both across and along the faults. We examine the effects of the predamaged state of the medium on the earthquake slip distributions. We simulate long-term damage by the decrease in the elastic modulus of the medium around the fault. We model the dynamic crack-like rupture of a slip-weakening planar, right-lateral strike-slip fault, and search which geometries and elastic properties of the long-term damage produce a triangular slip profile on the rupture. We find that such a profile is produced only when a laterally heterogeneous preexisting damage zone surrounds the ruptured fault. The highest on-fault slip develops in the most compliant region of the damage zone, and not necessarily above the earthquake hypocenter. The coseismic slip decreases in zones of stiffer damage. The amount of coseismic slip dissipated in the damage zone is large, at least 25-40% of maximum on-fault slip, and can occur over large distances from the fault. Our study thus emphasizes that off-fault preexisting damage should be considered for an accurate description of earthquake ruptures. It also motivates a reformulation of the available earthquake source inversion models since most of them do not include the inelastic deformations that occur in the near field of the earthquake ruptures.

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An experimental study of the effect of off‐fault damage on the velocity of a slip pulse

Cited by 24 publications

References 21 publications

Effects of Off-fault Damage on Earthquake Rupture Propagation: Experimental Studies

Effects of Off-fault Damage on Earthquake Rupture Propagation: Experimental Studies

An Experimental Study of S Wave Generation by Fracture Damage in Underground Nuclear Explosions

Off-fault long-term damage: A condition to account for generic, triangular earthquake slip profiles

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