An Experimental Study of the Role of Neurones in the Dissemination of Poliomyelitis Virus in the Nervous System

Bodian, David; Howe, Howard A.

doi:10.1093/brain/63.2.135

Cited by 57 publications

(25 citation statements)

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“…Bodian and Howe (15,16), studying experimental poliomyelitis in the monkey, demonstrated the feasibility of utilizing these lesions to follow the invasion of the C.N.S. by neurotropic viruses.…”

Section: Distribution Of Lesionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Age on Susceptibility of Mice to St. Louis Encephalitis Virus and on the Distribution of Lesions

OʼLeary

Smith

Reames

1942

Journal of Experimental Medicine

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1. Young mice are more susceptible than older mice to the virus of St. Louis encephalitis inoculated intraperitoneally, but with virus inoculated intracerebrally or intranasally, there is no significant age difference in susceptibility. The greatest change in the resistance to the virus inoculated intraperitoneally occurs between the 2nd and 3rd weeks of life. 2. The distribution of the lesions of St. Louis encephalitis in the C.N.S. of young and of old animals following intraperitoneal inoculation indicates that the virus may reach the brain either by the ascending pathway from the spinal cord or by the olfactory pathway irrespective of the age of the animal. However the ascending pathway is most frequently concerned. 3. The distribution of lesions does not offer evidence that the virus enters the C.N.S. of young animals directly from the blood stream following intraperitoneal inoculation. 4. Although widespread lesions occur earlier in the C.N.S. of young mice than in that of older mice inoculated intraperitoneally with large doses of virus, this fact is not satisfactorily explained by assuming the more rapid increase of the virus in the C.N.S. of young animals, since the latter are not more susceptible to virus inoculated directly into the brain. 5. The observations can be explained by the hypothesis that a greater amount of virus survives and reaches the portals of the C.N.S. in young animals following intraperitoneal inoculation and that this is an important factor in the influence of age on susceptibility to the virus.

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Section: Distribution Of Lesionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Age on Susceptibility of Mice to St. Louis Encephalitis Virus and on the Distribution of Lesions

OʼLeary

Smith

Reames

1942

Journal of Experimental Medicine

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“…The obvious interpretation of this "skipping" is the fortuitous more rapid multiplication of virus and development of lesions in a region distal to one first infected. We have previously presented evidence regarding the characteristics of virus spread and of lesion production in the brain (8). Rt~mer (14) observed a similar "skipping" after intracerebral inoculation, after which the legs often become paralyzed first, and this was confirmed by Fairbrother and Hurst (15).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…Evidence based on pathological and bioassay studies of human olfactory bulbs, brains, and sympathetic ganglia, however, have been important in narrowing the possibilities (1,6,8,(19)(20)(21)(22), and others). These studies, adequately reviewed in recent publications (23,24), have served to exclude the olfactory system and the bloodstream as possible pathways of virus to the central nervous system, and have therefore centered attention on the nervous pathways from the mucous surfaces of the alimentary tract, in its broadest sense, except the olfactory mucous membrane.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was soon found, however, that a determination of the precise pathway of spread to the central nervous system was impossible when the virus was inoculated experimentally into the lower alimentary tract, the peritoneal cavity, or the skin. In such instances, it was not possible to find lesions limited to the region of the point of entry to the central nervous system in preparalytic cases, or in cases of early arrest of the disease, as previously described in cases of olfactory and oropharyngeal inoculation (5,8,9). Apparently the rapid spread of virus and of lesions in the cord and brain was responsible for this.…”

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confidence: 91%

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The Significance of Lesions in Peripheral Ganglia in Chimpanzee and in Human Poliomyelitis

Bodian

Howe

1947

Journal of Experimental Medicine

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1. The peripheral ganglia of eighteen inoculated chimpanzees and thirteen uninoculated controls, and of eighteen fatal human poliomyelitis cases, were studied for histopathological evidence of the route of transmission of virus from the alimentary tract to the CNS. 2. Lesions thought to be characteristic of poliomyelitis in inoculated chimpanzees could not be sharply differentiated from lesions of unknown origin in uninoculated control animals. Moreover, although the inoculated animals as a group, in comparison with the control animals, had a greater number of infiltrative lesions in sympathetic as well as in sensory ganglia, it was not possible to make satisfactory correlations between the distribution of these lesions and the routes of inoculation. 3. In sharp contrast with chimpanzees, the celiac and stellate ganglia of the human poliomyelitis cases were free of any but insignificant infiltrative lesions. Lesions in human trigeminal and spinal sensory ganglia included neuronal damage as well as focal and perivascular inflitrative lesions, as is well known. In most ganglia, as in monkey and chimpanzee sensory ganglia, these were correlated in intensify with the degree of severity of lesions in the region of the CNS receiving their axons. This suggested that lesions in sensory ganglia probably resulted from spread of virus centrifugally from the CNS, in accord with considerable experimental evidence. 4. Two principal difficulties in the interpretation of histopathological findings in peripheral ganglia were revealed by this study. The first is that the specificity of lesions in sympathetic ganglia has not been established beyond doubt as being due to poliomyelitis. The second is that the presence of characteristic lesions in sensory ganglia does not, and cannot, reveal whether the virus reached the ganglia from the periphery or from the central nervous system, except in very early preparalytic stages or in exceptional cases of early arrest of virus spread and of lesion production.

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“…First, are those which are independent of previous infection or contact with the antigen, and which underlie the variability in degree of susceptibility of animals with no known previous virus contact. These factors, which include differential species and tissue susceptibility (6,12), constitutional variables such as age and nutrition, and dosage, are particularly well shown in action in determining the wide frequency distribution of degree of pathological change in primary non-paralytic infections 2 (5). Secondly, there are those acquired factors which result from exposure to the virus, such as local resistance and humoral immunity, all of which may be superimposed in varying degrees.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-Paralytic Poliomyelitis in the Chimpanzee

Bodia¹,

Howe²

1946

The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease

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An Experimental Study of the Role of Neurones in the Dissemination of Poliomyelitis Virus in the Nervous System

Cited by 57 publications

References 0 publications

Influence of Age on Susceptibility of Mice to St. Louis Encephalitis Virus and on the Distribution of Lesions

Influence of Age on Susceptibility of Mice to St. Louis Encephalitis Virus and on the Distribution of Lesions

The Significance of Lesions in Peripheral Ganglia in Chimpanzee and in Human Poliomyelitis

Non-Paralytic Poliomyelitis in the Chimpanzee

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