An Experimental Study on the Energy Consumption and Emission Profile of Fused Deposition Modeling Process

3D-Printed Lab-on-a-Chip Diagnostic Systems-Developing a Safe-by-Design Manufacturing Approach

“…Simon et al [76] investigated the energy consumption and particle emission potential of FFF in connection with modifications in print settings. ABS filament material and a commercial 3D printer were used, while particle emissions were monitored with appropriate equipment in a fume hood inside an ISO 14644-1 class 3 cleanroom.…”

“…Particle size distribution of emitted particles showed that most particles were less than 25 nm in diameter. Reduction of particle emissions was achieved by clearing the nozzle of residual filament, by clearing its interior with a wire and heating it to 260 • C for 24 h. The authors suggest cleaning the nozzle after each run and using higher material flow rate as emission reduction methods, and employing higher print speed to reduce energy requirements, if applicable [76].…”

“…For extended protection, a prevention-through-design modification that involves an automated shutoff for the nozzle heater in the event of a jam has been proposed [74]. Print pauses have also been found to induce emission upsurges [76], as well as malfunctions [86], so that should also be taken into account when responding to such episodes.…”

3D Printed Lab-on-a-Chip Diagnostic Systems - Developing a Safe-by-Design Manufacturing Approach

“…For extended protection, a prevention-through-design modification that involves an automated shutoff for the nozzle heater in the event of a jam has been proposed [74]. Print pauses have also been found to induce emission upsurges [76], as well as malfunctions [86], so that should also be taken into account when responding to such episodes.  Clearance and cleaning of the nozzle can attenuate emission peaks [76], and should be performed frequently, as it can also contribute in malfunction and blockage/clogging prevention.…”

“…Print pauses have also been found to induce emission upsurges [76], as well as malfunctions [86], so that should also be taken into account when responding to such episodes.  Clearance and cleaning of the nozzle can attenuate emission peaks [76], and should be performed frequently, as it can also contribute in malfunction and blockage/clogging prevention. This operation ought to be undertaken using appropriate protective equipment.…”