An Experimental Study to Evaluate the Effect of Memantine in Animal Models of Anxiety in Swiss Albino Mice

Bagewadi, Harish G.; Ak, Afzal Khan; Shivaramegowda, Rekha M

doi:10.7860/jcdr/2015/13233.6287

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Instead, the results suggest that regulation of histaminergic and dopaminergic systems selectively modulated RRBs in BTBR mice. In contrast with a previous study [ 75 ], MEM failed to show significant anxiolytic effects in the open field test, a discrepancy that may be explained with the difference in dose regimen or anxiety level state in different mouse strains. Moreover, the failure of ST-2223 (at all doses), MEM and ARP to restore the hyperactivity observed in BTBR mice may have been due to the excitatory (Glu) and inhibitory (GABA) neurotransmitter imbalance which is well known to exist, as such an imbalance was observed in several clinical trials in patients with ASD [ 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 ].…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

The Multi-Targeting Ligand ST-2223 with Histamine H3 Receptor and Dopamine D2/D3 Receptor Antagonist Properties Mitigates Autism-Like Repetitive Behaviors and Brain Oxidative Stress in Mice

Eissa

Venkatachalam

Jayaprakash

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social and communicative impairments, as well as repetitive and restricted behaviors (RRBs). With the limited effectiveness of current pharmacotherapies in treating repetitive behaviors, the present study determined the effects of acute systemic treatment of the novel multi-targeting ligand ST-2223, with incorporated histamine H3 receptor (H3R) and dopamine D2/D3 receptor affinity properties, on ASD-related RRBs in a male Black and Tan BRachyury (BTBR) mouse model of ASD. ST-2223 (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly mitigated the increase in marble burying and self-grooming, and improved reduced spontaneous alternation in BTBR mice (all p < 0.05). Similarly, reference drugs memantine (MEM, 5 mg/kg, i.p.) and aripiprazole (ARP, 1 mg/kg, i.p.), reversed abnormally high levels of several RRBs in BTBR (p < 0.05). Moreover, ST-2223 palliated the disturbed anxiety levels observed in an open field test (all p < 0.05), but did not restore the hyperactivity parameters, whereas MEM failed to restore mouse anxiety and hyperactivity. In addition, ST-2223 (5 mg/kg, i.p.) mitigated oxidative stress status by decreasing the elevated levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), and increasing the levels of decreased glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) in different brain parts of treated BTBR mice (all p < 0.05). These preliminary in vivo findings demonstrate the ameliorative effects of ST-2223 on RRBs in a mouse model of ASD, suggesting its pharmacological prospective to rescue core ASD-related behaviors. Further confirmatory investigations on its effects on various brain neurotransmitters, e.g., dopamine and histamine, in different brain regions are still warranted to corroborate and expand these initial data.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

The Multi-Targeting Ligand ST-2223 with Histamine H3 Receptor and Dopamine D2/D3 Receptor Antagonist Properties Mitigates Autism-Like Repetitive Behaviors and Brain Oxidative Stress in Mice

Eissa

Venkatachalam

Jayaprakash

et al. 2021

IJMS

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“…3B1 ) as compared to the control condition in the open field test at 6 hours after the Anesthesia/Surgery. These findings suggest that the Anesthesia/Surgery altered the natural behavior of the mice, e.g., anxiety (time spent in the center 20 21 22 ) and natural reaction (freezing time 23 ). Note that these behaviors also require the presence and intactness of attention, consciousness and organized thinking in the mice.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Battery of behavioral tests in mice to study postoperative delirium

Peng

Zhang

Dong

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

113

196

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Postoperative delirium is associated with increased morbidity, mortality and cost. However, its neuropathogenesis remains largely unknown, partially owing to lack of animal model(s). We therefore set out to employ a battery of behavior tests, including natural and learned behavior, in mice to determine the effects of laparotomy under isoflurane anesthesia (Anesthesia/Surgery) on these behaviors. The mice were tested at 24 hours before and at 6, 9 and 24 hours after the Anesthesia/Surgery. Composite Z scores were calculated. Cyclosporine A, an inhibitor of mitochondria permeability transient pore, was used to determine potential mitochondria-associated mechanisms of these behavioral changes. Anesthesia/Surgery selectively impaired behaviors, including latency to eat food in buried food test, freezing time and time spent in the center in open field test, and entries and duration in the novel arm of Y maze test, with acute onset and various timecourse. The composite Z scores quantitatively demonstrated the Anesthesia/Surgery-induced behavior impairment in mice. Cyclosporine A selectively ameliorated the Anesthesia/Surgery-induced reduction in ATP levels, the increases in latency to eat food, and the decreases in entries in the novel arm. These findings suggest that we could use a battery of behavior tests to establish a mouse model to study postoperative delirium.

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“…On day 21 of the experiment, each rat was habituated by being placed in the centre of the apparatus for 5 minutes and the test was performed on the following day (day 22, that is, 24 hours after exposure to the last stress session) . The rats were placed in the centre of the open field box, total movement was tracked for 5 minutes, and analyzed to evaluate anxiety behaviour as measured by the number of central entries, the time spent in the centre of the open field, total distance travelled, number of rearing (standing upright on the hind leg), grooming times, freezing times (absence of any movement), and total locomotor activity . Greater scores of freezing behaviour, fewer entries, as well as lower numbers and shorter lengths of time spent in the central area or in the inner area reflected decreased exploratory activity and increased anxiety .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…14 on the hind leg), grooming times, freezing times (absence of any movement), and total locomotor activity. 36 Greater scores of freezing behaviour, fewer entries, as well as lower numbers and shorter lengths of time spent in the central area or in the inner area reflected decreased exploratory activity and increased anxiety. 9,15 Finally, the total distance travelled was used as a measure of locomotor activity.…”

Section: Open Field Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of electrical lesion of basolateral amygdala nucleus on rat anxiety‐like behaviour under acute, sub‐chronic, and chronic stresses

Ranjbar

Radahmadi

Reisi

et al. 2017

Clin Exp Pharma Physio

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Stress contributes, as a risk factor, to such psychological disorders as anxiety. The effects of electrical lesions in the basolateral amygdala nucleus (BLA) were investigated on the locomotor activity and anxiety-like behaviour in different stress durations. For this purpose, rats were randomly allocated to control, sham, and experimental groups, the latter including groups with and without BLA nucleus subjected to acute, sub-chronic, and chronic stress conditions for 1, 7, and 21 days, respectively, applied 6 h/d. The induced anxiety behaviour was evaluated using the open field test (OFT) while other variables were measured. Findings revealed that sub-chronic stress led to significantly reduced (P<.05) anxiety behaviours as measured by entries into and the time spent in the centre area while it also led to significant impairments in exploratory and locomotor activities, indicating intensified anxiety-like behaviour. BLA lesion affected rat behaviour differently such that it significantly (P<.05) decreased fear under sub-chronic and chronic stress conditions as evidenced by the subjects' greater tendency to enter the centre area in the open field test and their increased number of rearing events (P<.01). However, BLA lesion led to no significant decrease in the locomotor activity of subjects exposed to sub-chronic or chronic stress conditions as compared with those in similar groups but without BLA lesion. Finally, BLA lesion was found not only to decrease significantly (P<.01) adrenal gland and body weights, particularly under sub-chronic stress, but also to play a critical role in modulating adrenal functions by decreasing adrenal gland weight, and thereby reducing depression-like symptoms.

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An Experimental Study to Evaluate the Effect of Memantine in Animal Models of Anxiety in Swiss Albino Mice

Abstract: Background: Due to the adverse effects produced by the present conventional medicines for anxiety disorders, research for newer drugs is still desirable. From the literature it is evident that NMDA receptors play a key role in animal models of anxiety.

Cited by 7 publications

References 37 publications

The Multi-Targeting Ligand ST-2223 with Histamine H3 Receptor and Dopamine D2/D3 Receptor Antagonist Properties Mitigates Autism-Like Repetitive Behaviors and Brain Oxidative Stress in Mice

The Multi-Targeting Ligand ST-2223 with Histamine H3 Receptor and Dopamine D2/D3 Receptor Antagonist Properties Mitigates Autism-Like Repetitive Behaviors and Brain Oxidative Stress in Mice

Battery of behavioral tests in mice to study postoperative delirium

Effects of electrical lesion of basolateral amygdala nucleus on rat anxiety‐like behaviour under acute, sub‐chronic, and chronic stresses

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