“…The mathematical formulation of this problem is as follows: We analyze the structural weight design of tension/compression spring in this paragraph. Table 6 summarizes the comparison results between the proposed SSA variants and Velocity pausing particle swarm optimization (VPPSO, [40]), Elite archives-driven particle swarm optimization (EAPSO, [51]), Termite life cycle optimizer (TLCO, [52]), Sand cat swarm optimization (SCSO, [53]), Exploitation-boosted sine cosine algorithm (EBSCA, [54]), adaptive quadratic interpolation and rounding mechanism sine cosine algorithm (ARSCA, [55]), quantum particle swarm optimization with optimal guided Lévy flight and straight flight (LSFQPSO, [56]), adaptive cooperative foraging and dispersed foraging strategies harris hawks optimization (ADHHO, [57]), Parallel fish migration optimization with compact technology (PCFMO, [58]), efficient salp swarm algorithm (ESSA, [37]).…”