Written witness statements are a unique source for the study of high-stakes textual deception. To date, however, there is no distinction in the way that they and other forms of verbal deception have been analysed, with written statements treated as extensions of transcribed versions of oral reports. Given the highly context-dependent nature of cues, it makes sense to take the characteristics of the medium into account when analysing for deceptive language. This study examines the characteristic features of witness narratives and proposes a new approach to search for deception cues. Narratives are treated as a progression of episodes over time, and deception as a progression of acts over time. This allows for the profiling of linguistic bundles in sequence, revealing the statements' internal gradient, and deceivers' choice of deceptive linguistic strategy. Study results suggest that, at least in the context of written witness statements, the weighting of individual features as deception cues is not static but depends on their interaction with other cues, and that detecting deceivers' use of linguistic strategy is an effective vehicle for identifying deception.Keywords: detecting deception; witness statements; narratives; linguistic strategy; text analysis.
Analysing Deception in Written Witness StatementsTo date, the information we have regarding behavioural cues to deception has been largely obtained from laboratory-based experiments dealing with low-consequence lies and psychological perspectives as to how liars should behave when lying. Their success is difficult to quantify as no one has yet identified a single cue, or set of cues, that is consistently identified with deception. DePaulo et al. (2003) suggest that behavioural cues to deception are normally faint unless liars are highly motivated to lie. They are thought to be more motivated to succeed with their deception when the consequences of being caught out are serious; being burdened by guilt at their transgression, or worry about implications to their reputation, or fear of imprisonment should the truth be revealed, results in more obvious behavioural cues which betray deceptive intentions. Such motivation is rarely found in the