“…Existing research in this specialised area highlights the diversity of political branding research (Bale 2008;Grimmer and Grube 2017;Needham and Smith 2015;Serazio 2017). For example, existing research has focused on party political brands (French and Smith 2010;Grimmer and Grube 2017;Milewicz and Milewicz 2014), human-politician brands (Billard 2018;Davies and Mian 2010;Guzman et al 2015;Jain et al 2018), cultural political branding (Smith and Speed 2011), development of new political brands (Panigyrakis and Altinay 2017;Busby and Cronshaw 2015;Nord and Stromback 2009), political brand identity (Pich et al 2018), and political brand image (Guzman and Sierra 2009;Smith 2001). In addition, existing studies have investigated political brand equity (Phipps et al 2010;Smith and Spotswood 2013), political brand personality (Guzman et al 2015;Jain et al 2018;Smith 2009), psychological profiling of politicians (de Landtsheer and de Vries 2015) and political brand positioning (Cwalina and Falkowski 2015;Smith 2005) across western (Billard 2018;Marland and Flanagan 2014) and eastern jurisdictions (Grube and Grimmer 2017;Jain et al 2018).…”