An exploratory study of failed mass shootings in America

Silva, Jason R.; Greene‐Colozzi, Emily

doi:10.1057/s41284-020-00281-z

Cited by 15 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…These variables are viewed as facilitating conditions, referring to any condition of the offender’s situation that uniquely prepare them for the attack. Unlike standard planning, facilitating conditions are not undertaken in preparation for the attack; rather, they are pre-existing characteristics that may facilitate the ability to carry out a mass shooting (Silva & Greene-Colozzi, 2021a).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Individuals with a high level of planning acquired tactical information, and brought additional guns, weapons, ammunition, and/or had an array of protective gear (Osborne & Capellan, 2017). In line with previous research (Silva & Greene-Colozzi, 2021a), this study includes criminal history (43%) and military history (21%) as components of preparedness. These variables are viewed as facilitating conditions, referring to any condition of the offender's situation that uniquely prepare them for the attack.…”

Section: Independent Variablesmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Police victimized by firearms during mass shootings (1966–2019).

Silva¹

2021

Journal of Threat Assessment and Management

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This study examines police victimized by firearms (PVF)-referring to officers killed or injured by a firearm-during mass shootings. The purpose of this study is to determine offender characteristics and situational factors impacting PVF. An opensource data collection strategy identified mass shootings in the United States between 1966 and 2019. Quantitative analyses compared mass shootings involving PVF against all other non-PVF mass shootings. Findings indicate the offender background, motivation, and preparation, as well as the attack location, weapon, and conclusion, which influenced the likelihood of PVF. A discussion of findings provides implications for police officers and agencies seeking to understand and address law enforcement risk during mass shootings. Public Significance StatementThis study identifies offender and situational predictors of police victimized by firearms (PVF) during mass shootings. Offender-based predictors of PVF include the intention to die, ideological motivation, criminal history, and military history. Situation-based predictors of PVF include a government location, more than one location, a rifle, more than one gun, and an incident ending in the offender being killed.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Independent Variablesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Police victimized by firearms during mass shootings (1966–2019).

Silva¹

2021

Journal of Threat Assessment and Management

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“…However, the fortification of schools has not prevented all school shootings. Although increased security measures have been credited with averting some school shootings (Silva, 2021; Silva & Greene-Colozzi, 2021), there also have been instances where access control measures have been breached (e.g., Sandy Hook Elementary), metal detectors bypassed (Red Lake High School), and shootings occurred despite having an SRO (MSD) (Jonson, 2017; Madfis, 2016; Peterson et al, 2021). Adding to the challenge of securing the school, the increased presence of surveillance measures within our nation's schoolhouses has had the unintended consequence of some students feeling more fearful and greater numbers of students, particularly students of color, being arrested and/or punished with exclusionary discipline (Hirschfield, 2008; Homer & Fisher, 2020; Payne & Welch, 2015).…”

Section: The Blame Game: the Public's Explanations Of School Shootings1mentioning

confidence: 99%

Back in My Day: Generational Beliefs About School Shootings

Graham

Jonson

Lee

2022

Criminal Justice Review

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Following a school shooting, the public and media search to understand what factors led to such tragedy. Faced with grief, fear, and confusion, people often seek to make sense of traumatic events. As such, this study uses a 2020 Amazon Mechanical Turk survey ( N = 739) to examine the impact of generational cohort on the blameworthiness of various perceived causes of school shootings. Findings support some generational differences. Baby Boomers were more likely to believe in societal-related causes of school shootings compared to Millennials and Generation Z. Conversely, Millennials and Generation Z were more likely than Baby Boomers to attribute the cause of school shootings to bullying, mental health, and school security. These findings suggest that future school shooting policies will seek to address bullying, mental health, and school security, while policies surrounding societal factors may be phased out.

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“…Drawing from previous research (Freilich et al, 2020;Newman et al, 2004;Schildkraut & Elsass, 2016;Silva, 2021Silva, , 2022cSilva & Greene-Colozzi, 2022a), we propose the following definition:…”

Section: Proposed Public Mass Shooting Definitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our initial research finds that situational crime prevention techniques, such as target hardening and access control, may help prevent bloodshed when individuals without legitimate access plan and initiate a public mass shooting (Greene-Colozzi, 2022;Silva & Greene-Colozzi, 2022a, 2022b. Additionally, internal measures, including lockdowns, place managers, and armed security, can also help prevent victimization in open access or semi-protected locations-even if the perpetrator successfully enters the building (Greene-Colozzi, 2022; Silva & Greene-Colozzi, 2022a, 2022b. Nonetheless, there is still much to be learned about failed mass shootings, and it is surprising how little attention has been directed at this outcome considering failed mass shootings should be the primary goal when prediction and prevention strategies are inadequate.…”

Section: Importance Of No-minimum Casualty Countmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass Outcome or Mass Intent? A Proposal for an Intent-Focused, No-Minimum Casualty Count Definition of Public Mass Shooting Incidents

Greene‐Colozzi¹,

Silva²

2022

JMVR

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In this commentary, we propose a unifying public mass shooting definition that captures the generally conceptualized phenomenon but also expands the inclusion to all incidents regardless of casualty count. We suggest that public mass shootings be broken down into four outcome categories – completed, attempted, failed, and foiled – which have unique incident outcomes but share a common thread of mass intent. We argue for the importance of a no-minimum casualty count definition (thus including zero casualties) that emphasizes mass intent rather than the completion of the shooting. We highlight the value of and rationale for this definition by discussing the limitations of current victim criteria, and we conclude with a proposed strategy that emphasizes objective indicators of mass intent.

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An exploratory study of failed mass shootings in America

Cited by 15 publications

References 43 publications

Police victimized by firearms during mass shootings (1966–2019).

Police victimized by firearms during mass shootings (1966–2019).

Back in My Day: Generational Beliefs About School Shootings

Mass Outcome or Mass Intent? A Proposal for an Intent-Focused, No-Minimum Casualty Count Definition of Public Mass Shooting Incidents

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