An Exploratory Study on the Structural and Demographic Predictors of Hate Crime Across the Rural-Urban Divide

Holder, Eaven; Edwards, Bradley D.; Osborne, Dustin L.

doi:10.1080/15564886.2022.2117751

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…First, location assesses whether an incident occurred near one’s own home or outside the home; the reference category are those incidents occurring at or near the respondent’s home (0 = home , 1 = outside of home ). Urban indicates whether the incident occurred in an urban location rather than a suburban or rural location (0 = rural/suburban , 1 = urban ), with official data indicating hate crimes are more frequent in such locations (Holder et al, 2022; Wilson & Ruback, 2003). From a routine activities perspective, incidents in rural areas have the potential to be more violent in nature because of the lack of proximity to others that might intervene or report the crime, and there is some research to indicate meaningful differences in hate prevalence between these ecological settings (Holder et al, 2022; Osborne & Swartz, 2021; Spano & Nagy, 2005).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Urban indicates whether the incident occurred in an urban location rather than a suburban or rural location (0 = rural/suburban , 1 = urban ), with official data indicating hate crimes are more frequent in such locations (Holder et al, 2022; Wilson & Ruback, 2003). From a routine activities perspective, incidents in rural areas have the potential to be more violent in nature because of the lack of proximity to others that might intervene or report the crime, and there is some research to indicate meaningful differences in hate prevalence between these ecological settings (Holder et al, 2022; Osborne & Swartz, 2021; Spano & Nagy, 2005). Weapon indicates whether a weapon was used and includes no weapon, handgun, other gun, knife, sharp object, or blunt object (0 = no weapon , 1 = weapon ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Though there remains some scholarly debate in defining “hate crime,” the federal definition, which is often shared across states as well, remains a dominant source utilized in many scholarly assessments of bias crime in the United States, and is likewise used in other databases like the NCVS. Indeed, since that time, scholarly attention has been directed to understanding the correlates of hate crime offending and victimization, focusing on differences between individual and communities alike (Gladfelter et al, 2017; Green et al, 1998; Holder et al, 2022; Lyons, 2007; McDevitt et al, 2002; Messner et al, 2004; Piatkowska et al, 2019; Stacey et al, 2011). However, much research has been conducted on the social context on the diffusion of the hate crime legislation and its public support (Jacobs & Potter, 1998; Jenness & Broad, 1997; Jenness & Grattet, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Revisiting the Harm of Hate: A Quasi-Experimental Approach Using the National Crime Victimization Survey

Holder

2024

J Interpers Violence

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Early legal challenges to the 1990 Hate Crime Statistics Act were originally excused on the argument that hate crimes “hurt more,” but there remain some empirical gaps on this topic. Although many works have concluded that biased offenders cause greater harms to their victims relative to unbiased perpetrators, this effect tends to be sensitive to individual and situational factors like victim and offender characteristics, bias motivation, weapon use, or crime location. This type of confounding has the potential to introduce selection bias in the estimation of victimization harms among biased criminal incidents. With data from the National Crime Victimization Survey (2010–2020), I use propensity scores and inverse-probability weighting to show that, on average, victims of bias motivated offenses are more likely to report later physical and emotional harms despite not suffering greater initial injury in incidence. Findings also demonstrate that the harm of hate varies across different bias motivations, with such crimes directed toward those on the basis of disability, gender, and sexual orientation causing greater short- and long-term individual trauma and damage.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Revisiting the Harm of Hate: A Quasi-Experimental Approach Using the National Crime Victimization Survey

Holder

2024

J Interpers Violence

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The Social Production of Hate Crime Statistics: The Differential Construction of Islamophobic Hate Crime by the Media and Law Enforcement

Mills,

Lantz,

Wenger

2024

Crime & Delinquency

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The decentralized nature of American policing largely allows agencies to define crime, and the requisite severity of that crime, at the institutional level. As a result, local hate crime statistics are differentially constructed across space. The current research posits that official hate crime statistics most accurately reflect a rate-producing, rather than a behavior-producing, process. Focusing on anti-Muslim hate crime, a particularly understudied form of hate crime, we examine reporting differences across community factors, using the media reports as a comparison point. We analyze official FBI hate crime reports, and news reports collected by Mapping Islamophobia, employing a logistic regression to predict anti-Muslim hate crime reporting. Our findings suggest significant variation in the social construction of anti-Muslim hate crime, both across institutions and across space.

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Assessing the Ecological Variation in the Police Response to Hate Crime: Evidence From New York City

Holder,

Ledford

2024

Criminal Justice Review

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As scholarly attention toward the etiology of hate crime offending and victimization continues to grow, there remain some empirical gaps regarding criminal justice interventions to such crimes. The lion's share of research has been focused on how agencies report bias crimes to official sources like the FBI's Uniform Crime Reporting program, but less work has been spent studying other aspects of police response like investigation or arrest. However, even less is known in whether an officer's ecological context is influential in this process despite space being vital to policing in general. To address this, we combined incident- and precinct-level data from the New York Police Department with neighborhood census information to understand if community dynamics were associated with the likelihood that a reported hate crime would be cleared through arrest. Using mixed effects models, our findings indicate some degree of clustering in hate crime clearances but that situational factors emerged with greater salience in the prediction of arrest. Supportive more so of the schema and focal concerns perspective of criminal justice processing, we offer pathways for future research and theoretical considerations.

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An Exploratory Study on the Structural and Demographic Predictors of Hate Crime Across the Rural-Urban Divide

Cited by 4 publications

References 61 publications

Revisiting the Harm of Hate: A Quasi-Experimental Approach Using the National Crime Victimization Survey

Revisiting the Harm of Hate: A Quasi-Experimental Approach Using the National Crime Victimization Survey

The Social Production of Hate Crime Statistics: The Differential Construction of Islamophobic Hate Crime by the Media and Law Enforcement

Assessing the Ecological Variation in the Police Response to Hate Crime: Evidence From New York City

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