An extreme wind erosion event of the fresh Eyjafjallajökull 2010 volcanic ash

Arnalds, Ólafur; Thorarinsdottir, Elin Fjola; Þórsson, Jóhann; Dagsson-Waldhauserová, Pavla; Ágústsdóttir, Anna María

doi:10.1038/srep01257

Cited by 83 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Such a high frequency shows that active volcanic and glacial deserts, such as Iceland, differ from the crustal deserts; this is due to the permanent input of volcanic materials, frequent re-suspension of these materials, and the climatic effects of glaciers causing strong down-slope winds. A high number of the dust observations presented here reflect previous studies showing high dust deposition rates in Iceland (Arnalds, 2010;Prospero et al, 2012;Thorarinsdottir and Arnalds, 2012;Bullard, 2013;Arnalds et al, 2013;Arnalds et al, 2014) and places the country among the most important dust producing areas of the world. Iceland is likely to be the largest and most active high-latitude cold dust source.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

“…The annual differences in dust event frequency do not correspond to trends of the global climate drivers such as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the Arctic Oscillation or prevailing ocean currents (Dagsson-Waldhauserova et al, 2013). The main driver is likely an orthogonal pattern to NAO, with the dipole of Sea Level Pressure oscillation oriented east-west (DagssonWaldhauserova et al, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Iceland is an important source of volcanic sediments that are subjected to intense aeolian activity (Arnalds, 2010;Prospero et al, 2012;Thorarinsdottir and Arnalds, 2012;Arnalds et al, 2013) and is likely the largest glaciogenic dust source area in the Arctic-subarctic region. Total emissions of dust from Icelandic dust sources are of the range 30 to 40 million tons annually, with 5-14 million tons deposited annually over the Atlantic and Arctic oceans .…”

Section: P Dagsson-waldhauserova Et Al: Long-term Variability Of Dumentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A data set of dust concentrations (1997)(1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)2010) from the high-volume filter aerosol sampler in Vestmannaeyjar (the Westmann Islands) was used for evaluation of the dust codes and visibility at the Stórhöfði station (Prospero et al, 2012). Daily dust concentrations were correlated with the minimum visibility reported from dust observations during the preceding 24 h. Most of the conventional dust studies do not include the synoptic codes (04-06) for "visibility reduced by volcanic ashes", "dust haze" or "widespread dust in suspension in the air" into the criteria for dust observation (DagssonWaldhauserova et al, 2013). Comparing these codes with available dust concentration measurements showed that a PM 10 concentration of > 41 µg m −3 (about twice the mean concentration) was exceeded in about 80 % of the 04-06 code cases.…”

Section: Meteorological Data and Pm Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Long-term variability of dust events in Iceland (1949–2011)

Dagsson-Waldhauserová

Arnalds

Ólafsson

2014

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. The long-term frequency of atmospheric dust observations was investigated for the southern part of Iceland and interpreted together with earlier results obtained from northeastern (NE) Iceland (Dagsson-Waldhauserova et al., 2013). In total, over 34 dust days per year on average occurred in Iceland based on conventionally used synoptic codes for dust observations. However, frequent volcanic eruptions, with the re-suspension of volcanic materials and dust haze, increased the number of dust events fourfold (135 dust days annually). The position of the Icelandic Low determined whether dust events occurred in the NE (16.4 dust days annually) or in the southern (S) part of Iceland (about 18 dust days annually). The decade with the most frequent dust days in S Iceland was the 1960s, but the 2000s in NE Iceland. A total of 32 severe dust storms (visibility < 500 m) were observed in Iceland with the highest frequency of events during the 2000s in S Iceland. The Arctic dust events (NE Iceland) were typically warm, occurring during summer/autumn (May-September) and during mild southwesterly winds, while the subarctic dust events (S Iceland) were mainly cold, occurring during winter/spring (MarchMay) and during strong northeasterly winds. About half of the dust events in S Iceland occurred in winter or at subzero temperatures. A good correlation was found between particulate matter (PM 10 ) concentrations and visibility during dust observations at the stations Vík and Stórhöfði. This study shows that Iceland is among the dustiest areas of the world and that dust is emitted year-round.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: P Dagsson-waldhauserova Et Al: Long-term Variability Of Dumentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Meteorological Data and Pm Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Long-term variability of dust events in Iceland (1949–2011)

Dagsson-Waldhauserová

Arnalds

Ólafsson

2014

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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“…(Gislason et al 2011 andGudmundsson et al 2012a) Several dust storms occur in Iceland every year with deposition of dust or ash on the ice caps with varying amounts at different altitudes which influence their melting behaviour. These dust storms are as well volcanic in origin (Arnalds et al 2013) but redistributed and deposited in the glacier forefield where it is mixing with glacial till. From the forefield, it can be resuspended into the air by the action of wind and carried onto the glacier.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insulation effects of Icelandic dust and volcanic ash on snow and ice

et al. 2016

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In the Arctic region, Iceland is an important source of dust due to ash production from volcanic eruptions. In addition, dust is resuspended from the surface into the atmosphere as several dust storms occur each year. During volcanic eruptions and dust storms, material is deposited on the glaciers where it influences their energy balance. The effects of deposited volcanic ash on ice and snow melt were examined using laboratory and outdoor experiments. These experiments were made during the snow melt period using two different ash grain sizes (1 ϕ and 3.5 ϕ) from the Eyjafjallajökull 2010 eruption, collected on the glacier. Different amounts of ash were deposited on snow or ice, after which the snow properties and melt were measured. The results show that a thin ash layer increases the snow and ice melt but an ash layer exceeding a certain critical thickness caused insulation. Ash with 1 ϕ in grain size insulated the ice below at a thickness of 9-15 mm. For the 3.5 ϕ grain size, the insulation thickness is 13 mm. The maximum melt occurred at a thickness of 1 mm for the 1 ϕ and only 1-2 mm for 3.5 ϕ ash. A map of dust concentrations on Vatnajökull that represents the dust deposition during the summer of 2013 is presented with concentrations ranging from 0.2 up to 16.6 g m −2 .

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Ash mists and brown snow: Remobilization of volcanic ash from recent Icelandic eruptions

et al. 2014

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Recent eruptions in Iceland and Chile have demonstrated that volcanic ash problems persist long after an eruption. For this reason, ash dispersion models are being extended to include ash remobilization. Critical to these models is knowledge of the ash source and the particle sizes that can be mobilized under different wind and moisture conditions. Here we characterize the physical and chemical characteristics of ash deposited on new snow in Reykjavík, Iceland, following a blizzard on 6 March 2013. Morphological, textural, and compositional analyses indicate resuspension from multiple eruptive deposits, including both Grímsvötn (2011) and Eyjafjallajökull (2010) eruptions. Grain size measurements show a mode of 32-63 μm, with particles as large as 177 μm; there is little mass in the very fine fraction, ≤10 μm (PM 10 ). We compare our observations to predictions using the Lagrangian particle dispersion model, NAME (UK Met Office). The model output is consistent with observations in that it forecasts resuspension from both Eyjafjallajökull and Grímsvötn source regions, and shows ash deposition coincident with the timing of observed deposition in Reykjavík. The modeled deposit in Reykjavík predicts, however, a substantially lower proportion of Grímsvötn ash than observed. This discrepancy has highlighted the need to reassess the assumptions used in the simulations, particularly regarding the source area and precipitation thresholds. Furthermore, we suggest that modification of ash deposits in the form of erosion, redeposition, compaction, or cementation may influence the dynamics of resuspension over time, thus influencing the ability of model simulations to accurately forecast remobilization events.

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An extreme wind erosion event of the fresh Eyjafjallajökull 2010 volcanic ash

Cited by 83 publications

References 33 publications

Long-term variability of dust events in Iceland (1949–2011)

Long-term variability of dust events in Iceland (1949–2011)

Insulation effects of Icelandic dust and volcanic ash on snow and ice

Ash mists and brown snow: Remobilization of volcanic ash from recent Icelandic eruptions

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