An fMRI study of the effects of low- and high-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment in depression

Abstract

set of subcortical and limbic regions in which opposite changes are found. Conclusions: The pathophysiology of major depressive disorder involves a complicated series of networks of frontal, temporal-parietal cortical and limbic brain regions and the cerebellum. Questions remain as to whether one or other of these networks play a primary role in the etiology of the disorder.

Invasive and Non-invasive Stimulation of the Obese Human Brain

“…The advantage of one technique is, in most cases, the disadvantage of the other one. The advantage of rTMS is its higher spatial accuracy ( Di Lazzaro et al, 2005 ; Fitzgerald et al, 2006 ). TMS coils are available in different shapes and sizes.…”

“…Figure-of-eight coils are spatially more specific. They produce a focal magnet field that allows to target single brain sites ( Di Lazzaro et al, 2005 ; Fitzgerald et al, 2006 ). Modern rTMS systems can also be equipped with neuro-navigation.…”

“…RTMS allows a more locally specific stimulation of the brain. Hence, observed effects are far easier to map on the underlying brain structure ( Di Lazzaro et al, 2005 ; Fitzgerald et al, 2006 ).…”

“…Low frequency rTMS (e.g., 1 Hz) delivered to the primary motor cortex attenuates cortical excitability without affecting cortical inhibition. High frequency rTMS (≤5 Hz), in turn, leads to an attenuation of cortical inhibition ( Fitzgerald et al, 2006 ). Theta-burst TMS (50 Hz, TBS) can be delivered continuously (cTBS) or intermittedly (iTBS) to either inhibit or facilitate cortical excitability, respectively ( Di Lazzaro et al, 2005 ).…”