“…Indole primes the transcription of early defense signaling genes 115 To explore the capacity of indole to regulate early defense signaling in rice, we profiled 116 the expression of known early defense signaling genes (Figure 2A), including two 117 receptor-like kinases (Ye, 2016;Hu et al, 2018), two MPKs (Wang et al, 2013;Li et 118 al., 2015), seven WRKY transcription factors (Qiu et al, 2008;Koo et al, 2009;Li, 119 2012; Han et al, 2013;Hu et al, 2015;Li et al, 2015;Huangfu et al, 2016) and five 120 jasmonate biosynthesis genes (Figure 2A) (Zhou et al, 2009;Fukumoto et al, 2013;121 Guo et al, 2014;Hu et al, 2015). Control plants and plants that were pre-exposed to 122 indole for 12 h were measured 0 min, 90 min and 360 min after simulated herbivore 123 attack to capture both direct induction and priming.…”