“…By practising REM activities, managers realize that they must sacrifice future cash flows to fulfil short-lived benchmarks. However, because REM involves managerial decisions related to operational strategies and investments, REM becomes more difficult to detect and avoid its impacts on cash flows (Kothari, Mizik, & Roychowdhury, 2012;Chidoko and Mashavira, 2014;Salvioni and Gennari, 2014;Razek, 2014;Eshiet, 2017;Mejdoub and Arab, 2017;Oitsile., Galebotswe and Sekwati, 2018;Chang'ach, 2018). Previous research indicates that non-fraudulent AEM is less harmful to current stockholders than REM because it does not weaken a company's cash flows (Roychowdhury, 2006;Cohen & Zarowin, 2010;Kothari et al, 2012;Ali, et.al.…”